Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy: What Do Clinicians Have to Know?

Vanneste, Ben; Limbergen, Evert J. Van; Lin, Emile N.J.T. van; Roermund, Joep G. H. van; Lambin, Philippe

doi:10.1155/2016/6829875

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Radiotherapy has been widely used as a curative treatment for prostate cancer [ 2 ]. In recent decades, radiotherapy in prostate cancer has undergone significant advances in technology and clinical practice, which contributes to a better cancer control outcome and less treatment morbidity than before [ 3 , 4 ]. However, prostate cancer radioresistance remains in a number of patients, leading to cancer relapse [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atorvastatin enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells related with HIF-1α inhibition

et al. 2017

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Hypoxia could enhance radioresistance in prostate cancer cells through up-regulating HIF-1α, which could be inhibited by statins in several cancer cells. However, this effect of statins in prostate cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on HIF-1α expression and radiosensitivity in prostate cancer cells. The hypoxia-induced human prostate cancer PC3 cells were generated by incubating with 5% O2 for 24 h. The cell viability and apoptosis were respectively analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. The HIF-1α protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. HIF-1α expression in PC3 cells was significantly increased after incubating with 5% O2 for 24 h. The viability of hypoxia-induced PC3 cells was inhibited by a higher dose of irradiation than control cells. The viability of hypoxia-induced PC3 cells were inhibited by astorvastatin with a higher concentration than control cells. Astorvastatin reduced the HIF-1α protein expression in hypoxia-induced PC3 cells, and induced apoptosis of both control and hypoxia-induced cells with and without irradiation. Atorvastatin could enhance radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells, which may be related with inhibition of HIF-1α protein.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atorvastatin enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells related with HIF-1α inhibition

et al. 2017

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“…1,2 Excluding those who are recommended for expectant observation, approximately 50% of newly diagnosed PCa patients will receive RT and 50% will undergo prostatectomy. Fractionated external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or brachytherapy (BT) are effective therapies for localized PCa, 3 while RT in combination with a course of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been shown to improve survival for localized PCa with adverse features. 4 Despite overall success, a significant number of patients develop radioresistance, which leads to local regional recurrence and distant metastasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoid receptor upregulation increases radioresistance and triggers androgen independence of prostate cancer

Chen

Ren³

et al. 2019

The Prostate

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Background Despite the overall success of radiotherapy, a significant number of patients develop radioresistance, which leads to local regional recurrence and distant metastasis. We studied whether repeated radiation treatment promotes androgen‐independent survival of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and their metastatic potential. We also studied whether glucocorticoid receptor (GR) increase in radioresistant cells is associated with acquisition of these aggressive characteristics. Methods Radioresistant LNCaP (LNCaPR18) and C4‐2 (C4‐2R26) PCa sublines were developed by repeated radiation treatments of parental cells. Levels and activations of androgen receptor (AR) and GR in radioresistant PCa cells and respective parental cells were investigated in quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction/Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence staining. Androgen‐independent survival of radioresistant cells was tested in in vitro cell growth assays and the castration‐resistant survival of these cell‐derived tumors were investigated in mouse xenografts. Results Higher GR levels, but lower AR levels were detected in radioresistant cells than in parental cells. Radiation‐induced GR upregulation was associated with increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. As a consequence of GR activation, LNCaPR18 cells survived well in an androgen‐depleted culture condition while parental cells could not. Results of in vivo mouse studies showed survival of LNCaPR18 cell‐derived tumors in castrated mice while parental cell‐derived tumors regressed. The growth of LNCaPR18 cell‐derived tumors in castrated mice was impaired when treated with the anti‐GR agent mifepristone. In experiments with C4‐2/C4‐2R26 cell sets, GR activation in C4‐2R26 cells increased their metastatic potential. Conclusion GR activation in radioresistant cells mediates androgen independence and facilitates PCa progression.

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“…The TomoHelical mode is generally preferred to the TomoDirect mode in Tomo-Therapy treatment for head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer. In the 2000s and earlier, these patients were treated with 3DCRT, but recent studies suggest that IMRT should be the first-line treatment for these cancers [20][21][22]. Thus, they should be treated with IMRT at every institution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Evaluation of Onrad, A New Low-cost Version of TomoTherapy that Uses Only Static Beams

Murai

Tamura²,

Nakabayashi³

et al. 2018

Kurume Med. J.

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This study evaluated the clinical feasibility of a new low-cost TomoTherapy system (Onrad TM) and compared it with low-cost linear accelerator models (linacs). Methods: Various aspects of treatment and cost were compared between Onrad and linacs for 3-dimensional radiotherapy (3DCRT). Dosimetric comparisons of 10 patients each with breast, stage III lung, prostate, head and neck, and cervical cancers were carried out (total 100 plans). Results: Onrad had advantages in terms of availability of long treatment fields and a smaller mechanical footprint. For breast cancers and lung cancers, target dose homogeneity in Onrad plans was better than that in 3DCRT. In the prostate plans, Onrad plans provided superior D95, conformity and homogeneity. The rectum doses of Onrad plans were lower than those with 3DCRT. Onrad plans provided superior homogeneity and D95 in head and neck cancer. The mean dose and V10-40 Gy of the parotid glands was lower using Onrad. In the cervical cancer plans, target doses were similar with both systems. Normal tissue doses were equal. Conclusions: Onrad is useful in the clinical setting. Onrad can achieve favorable or comparable dose distributions compared with those of 3DCRT in actual clinical treatment of breast, lung, prostate, head and neck, and cervical cancers.

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Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy: What Do Clinicians Have to Know?

Cited by 46 publications

References 137 publications

Atorvastatin enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells related with HIF-1α inhibition

Atorvastatin enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells related with HIF-1α inhibition

Glucocorticoid receptor upregulation increases radioresistance and triggers androgen independence of prostate cancer

Clinical Evaluation of Onrad, A New Low-cost Version of TomoTherapy that Uses Only Static Beams

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