Prostasomes: Their Characterisation: Implications for Human Reproduction

Ronquist, Gunnar

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_9

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Prostasomes are the most abundant exosomes in SP and, depending on their size and molecular composition, two different populations can be distinguished: smaller and larger vesicles, enriched in glioma pathogenesis-related 2 (GLIPR2) and annexin A1 (ANXA1) proteins, respectively [ 67 ]. These vesicles also contain enzymes, signal transduction proteins, chaperone proteins, transport and structural proteins, GTP-binding and other signaling proteins [ 68 , 69 ], high concentrations of prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (ACP3 or ACPP, usually known as PAP), prostate-specific antigen (KLK3, usually known as PSA), type 2 transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), prostate-specific transglutaminase (TGM4) and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) [ 69 , 70 ]. Prostasomes are also able to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which suggests an energy metabolic function associated with these extracellular vesicles [ 71 ].…”

Section: Exosomes In the Male Reproductive Tract: Their Potential mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosome Composition and Seminal Plasma Proteome: A Promising Source of Biomarkers of Male Infertility

Candenas

Chianese

2020

IJMS

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Infertility has become a global health issue, with approximately 50% of infertility cases generated by disorders in male reproduction. Spermatozoa are conveyed towards female genital tracts in a safe surrounding provided by the seminal plasma. Interestingly, this dynamically changing medium is a rich source of proteins, essential not only for sperm transport, but also for its protection and maturation. Most of the seminal proteins are acquired by spermatozoa in transit through exosomes (epididymosomes and prostasomes). The high number of seminal proteins, the increasing knowledge of their origins and biological functions and their differential expression in the case of azoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia or other conditions of male infertility have allowed the identification of a wide variety of biomarker candidates and their involvement in biological pathways, thus to strongly suggest that the proteomic landscape of seminal plasma may be a potential indicator of sperm dysfunction. This review summarizes the current knowledge in seminal plasma proteomics and its potentiality as a diagnostic tool in different degrees of male infertility.

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Section: Exosomes In the Male Reproductive Tract: Their Potential mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosome Composition and Seminal Plasma Proteome: A Promising Source of Biomarkers of Male Infertility

Candenas

Chianese

2020

IJMS

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“…Although one potential fate is for them to be degraded when the MVB fuses with the lysosome, they can also be released via MVB fusion to the plasma membrane. Human prostate exosomes, or prostasomes, are postulated to affect sperm activity and protect sperm from the female immune system (Aalberts, Stout, & Stoorvogel, 2013; Park et al, 2011; Ronquist, 2015). Since exosomes are increasingly implicated in cancer biology (Yu, Cao, Shen, & Feng, 2015), developing a better understanding of their normal physiological roles and regulation is becoming an important priority in modern cancer research.…”

Section: The Prostatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prostasomes from human prostate epithelial cells also target sperm, at least in vitro, and have been reported to deliver several molecules that promote motility and capacitation (Park et al, 2011), although this remains controversial (Pons-Rejraji et al, 2011). They may also coat the sperm surface and modulate the female immune response to sperm (Ronquist, 2015). In flies, the absence of secondary cell exosomes does not significantly affect the number of offspring produced by sperm, but does suppress a postmating behavioral effect that involves interaction between sperm and female tissues, namely, female receptivity.…”

Section: Functions Of the Adult Secondary Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Drosophila Accessory Gland as a Model for Prostate Cancer and Other Pathologies

Wilson

Leiblich

Goberdhan

et al. 2017

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

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The human prostate is a gland of the male reproductive tract, which together with the seminal vesicles, is responsible for most seminal fluid production. It is a common site of cancer, and unlike other glands, it typically enlarges in aging men. In flies, the male accessory glands make many major seminal fluid components. Like their human equivalents, they secrete proteins from several conserved families, including proteases, lectins, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, some of which interact with sperm and affect fertility. A key protein, sex peptide, is not conserved in vertebrates but plays a central role in mediating long-term effects on females after mating. Although postmitotic, one epithelial cell type in the accessory glands, the secondary cell, continues to grow in adults. It secretes microvesicles called exosomes from the endosomal multivesicular body, which, after mating, fuse with sperm. They also appear to affect female postmating behavior. Remarkably, the human prostate epithelium also secretes exosomes, which fuse to sperm in vitro to modulate their activity. Exosomes from prostate and other cancer cells are increasingly proposed to play fundamental roles in modulating the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis. Here we review a diverse accessory gland literature, which highlights functional analogies between the male reproductive glands of flies and humans, and a critical role for extracellular vesicles in allowing seminal fluid to promote male interests within the female. We postulate that secondary cells and prostate epithelial cells use common mechanisms to control growth, secretion, and signaling, which are relevant to prostate and other cancers, and can be genetically dissected in the uniquely tractable fly model.

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“…Sperm has been considered as being antigenic toward the female body for a long time [1]. Various sperm-associated proteins causing antigenicity have been identified and characterized, and their role in fertility disorders has been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Antisperm Antibodies in Infertility, Pregnancy, and Potential for Contraceptive and Antifertility Vaccine Designs: Research Progress and Pioneering Vision

Vickram

Dhama

Chakraborty³

et al. 2019

Vaccines

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Sperm of humans, non-human primates, and other mammalian subjects is considered to be antigenic. The effect of changes in autoimmunity on reproductive cells such as spermatozoa and oocytes play a critical but indistinct role in fertility. Antisperm antibodies (ASAs) are invariably present in both females and males. However, the degree of ASA occurrence may vary according to individual and gender. Although the extent of infertility due to ASAs alone is yet to be determined, it has been found in almost 9–12% of patients who are infertile due to different causes. Postcoital presence of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of women is not a contributory factor in ASA generation. However, ASA generation may be induced by trauma to the vaginal mucosa, or by anal or oral sex resulting in the deposition of sperm inside the digestive tract. It is strongly believed that, in humans and other species, at least some antibodies may bind to sperm antigens, causing infertility. This form of infertility is termed as immunological infertility, which may be accompanied by impairment of fertility, even in individuals with normozoospermia. Researchers target ASAs for two major reasons: (i) to elucidate the association between ASAs and infertility, the reason ASAs causes infertility, and the mechanism underlying ASA-mediated infertility; and (ii) to assess the potential of ASAs as a contraceptive in humans in case ASAs influences infertility. Therefore, this review explores the potential application of ASAs in the development of anti-spermatozoa vaccines for contraceptive purposes. The usefulness of ASAs for diagnosing obstructive azoospermia, salpingitis, and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia has been reviewed extensively. Important patents pertaining to potential candidates for spermatozoa-derived vaccines that may be utilized as contraceptives are discussed in depth. Antifertility vaccines, as well as treatments for ASA-related infertility, are also highlighted. This review will address many unresolved issues regarding mechanisms involving ASAs in the diagnosis, as well as prognoses, of male infertility. More documented scientific reports are cited to support the mechanisms underlying the potential role of ASA in infertility. The usefulness of sperm antigens or ASAs (recombinant) in human and wild or captive animal contraceptive vaccines has been revealed through research but is yet to be validated via clinical testing.

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Prostasomes: Their Characterisation: Implications for Human Reproduction

Cited by 25 publications

References 91 publications

Exosome Composition and Seminal Plasma Proteome: A Promising Source of Biomarkers of Male Infertility

Exosome Composition and Seminal Plasma Proteome: A Promising Source of Biomarkers of Male Infertility

The Drosophila Accessory Gland as a Model for Prostate Cancer and Other Pathologies

Role of Antisperm Antibodies in Infertility, Pregnancy, and Potential for Contraceptive and Antifertility Vaccine Designs: Research Progress and Pioneering Vision

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