Prostaglandins or prostaglandin like substances are implicated in normal growth and development in oomycetes

Rp, Herman; Ca, Herman

doi:10.1016/0090-6980(85)90140-6

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although previous evidence suggested the existence of eicosanoid metabolism in oomycetes (21,22), the production of such molecules by these organisms has not been reported before. We investigated if S. parasitica produces PGE 2 in vitro.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…OE, challenged fish with no signs of lesions; o, challenged fish with skin lesions. mycelial growth of Achlya and Saprolegnia species (21). A survey of the S. parasitica genome database (Broad Institute) revealed enzymes that could be involved in the production of prostanoids: a putative phospholipase (SPRG_10331) and a putative prostaglandin E 2 synthase (SPRG_13907).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

e Saprolegnia parasitica is a freshwater oomycete that is capable of infecting several species of fin fish. Saprolegniosis, the disease caused by this microbe, has a substantial impact on Atlantic salmon aquaculture. No sustainable treatment against saprolegniosis is available, and little is known regarding the host response. In this study, we examined the immune response of Atlantic salmon to S. parasitica infection and to its cell wall carbohydrates. Saprolegnia triggers a strong inflammatory response in its host (i.e., induction of interleukin-1␤ 1 [IL-1␤ 1 ], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), while severely suppressing the expression of genes associated with adaptive immunity in fish, through downregulation of T-helper cell cytokines, antigen presentation machinery, and immunoglobulins. Oomycete cell wall carbohydrates were recognized by fish leukocytes, triggering upregulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, similar to what is observed during infection. Our data suggest that S. parasitica is capable of producing prostaglanding E 2 (PGE 2 ) in vitro, a metabolite not previously shown to be produced by oomycetes, and two proteins with homology to vertebrate enzymes known to play a role in prostaglandin biosynthesis have been identified in the oomycete genome. Exogenous PGE 2 was shown to increase the inflammatory response in fish leukocytes incubated with cell wall carbohydrates while suppressing genes involved in cellular immunity (gamma interferon [IFN-␥] and the IFN-␥-inducible protein [␥-IP]). Inhibition of S. parasitica zoospore germination and mycelial growth by two cyclooxygenase inhibitors (aspirin and indomethacin) also suggests that prostaglandins may be involved in oomycete development.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sterol, fatty acid, and PL compositions of membranes are interrelated and can change unpredictably in response to alterations in the chemical and physical environments (9,26). The initial analyses reported here are further complicated by recent reports of the probable involvement of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products in sexual reproduction by this primitive class of fungi (22,29). Substrate availability is often the limiting factor in the activity of these enzymes, and the type of PL headgroups, their fatty acid compositions, and the access of phospholipases to appropriate fatty acids will determine in part the morphological development of these fungi.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Reassessment of the role of phospholipids in sexual reproduction by sterol-auxotrophic fungi

Kerwin

Duddles

1989

J Bacteriol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Several genera of oomycete fungi which are incapable of de novo sterol synthesis do not require these compounds for vegetative growth. The requirement for an exogenous source of sterols for sexual reproduction by several members of the Pythiaceae has been questioned by reports of apparent induction and maturation of oospores on defined media supplemented with phospholipids in the absence of sterols. A more detailed examination of this phenomenon suggested that trace levels of sterols in the inoculum of some pythiaceous fungi act synergistically with phospholipid medium supplements containing unsaturated fatty acid moieties to induce oosporogenesis. Phospholipid analysis of one species, Pythium ultimum, suggested that only the fatty acid portion of the exogenous phospholipid is taken up by the fungus. Enrichment of the phospholipid fraction of total cell lipid of P. ultimum with unsaturated fatty acids promoted oospore induction, and enhanced levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the neutral lipid fraction increased oospore viability. For some pythiaceous fungi, the levels of sterols required for the maturation of oospores with appropriate phospholipid medium supplementation suggest that these compounds are necessary only for the sparking and critical domain roles previously described in other fungi.

show abstract

“…With the characterization of ppoA and ppoC, we provide evidence of an endogenous system balancing meiospore and mitospore production in A. nidulans. Orthologs of both of these genes are found in filamentous fungi and, coupled with the numerous studies linking oxylipin production with fungal sporulation (27,31,33,42,51), support a case for conservation of an oxylipin-driven mechanism controlling, among other cellular processes, sexual and asexual differentiation. We propose that fungal oxylipins serve as autocrine or paracrine signals generated in response to-and enabling the fungus to respond appropriately to-specific environmental parameters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Endogenous Lipogenic Regulators of Spore Balance in Aspergillus nidulans

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ability of fungi to produce both meiospores and mitospores has provided adaptive advantages in survival and dispersal of these organisms. Here we provide evidence of an endogenous mechanism that balances meiospore and mitospore production in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. We have discovered a putative dioxygenase, PpoC, that functions in association with a previously characterized dioxygenase, PpoA, to integrate fatty acid derived oxylipin and spore production. In contrast to PpoA, deletion of ppoC significantly increased meiospore production and decreased mitospore development. Examination of the PpoA and PpoC mutants indicate that this ratio control is associated with two apparent feedback loops. The first loop shows ppoC and ppoA expression is dependent upon, and regulates the expression of, nsdD and brlA, genes encoding transcription factors required for meiospore or mitospore production, respectively. The second loop suggests Ppo oxylipin products antagonistically signal the generation of Ppo substrates. These data support a case for a fungal "oxylipin signature-profile" indicative of relative sexual and asexual spore differentiation.

show abstract

Prostaglandins or prostaglandin like substances are implicated in normal growth and development in oomycetes

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Reassessment of the role of phospholipids in sexual reproduction by sterol-auxotrophic fungi

Endogenous Lipogenic Regulators of Spore Balance in Aspergillus nidulans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Prostaglandins or prostaglandin like substances are implicated in normal growth and development in oomycetes

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E 2 in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E 2 in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Reassessment of the role of phospholipids in sexual reproduction by sterol-auxotrophic fungi

Endogenous Lipogenic Regulators of Spore Balance in Aspergillus nidulans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica