The implantation process is complex, requiring reciprocal interactions between implantation-competent blastocysts and the receptive uterus. Because microRNAs (miRNAs) have major roles in regulating gene expression, we speculated that they participate in directing the highly regulated spatiotemporally expressed genetic network during implantation. Here, we show that two miRNAs, mmu-miR-101a and mmu-miR-199a*, are spatiotemporally expressed in the mouse uterus during implantation coincident with expression of cyclooxygenase-2, a gene critical for implantation. More interestingly, our in vitro gain-and loss-of-function experiments show that cyclooxygenase-2 expression is posttranscriptionally regulated by these two miRNAs. We report on miRNAmediated regulation of uterine gene expression in the context of implantation. We believe that many other critical genes related to this process are also regulated by miRNAs. Thus, elucidating the physiological roles of uterine miRNAs will help us better understand the genetic control of implantation, the gateway to a successful pregnancy.mouse ͉ uterus ͉ blastocyst ͉ decidua M icroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel family of small (Ϸ19-22 nt) noncoding RNAs transcribed by genomes of most metazoa. They are diverse in sequence, evolutionary widespread, and involved in sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene regulation by affecting mRNA stability and/or translation (1-3). In mammals, mature miRNAs are generated via a unique biosynthetic cascade involving RNA polymerase II, nuclear and cytosolic RNase III endonucleases, and their dsRNA binding protein partners. miRNA-guided RNA silencing is executed by a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that involves an interaction between a mature miRNA and its binding site located at the 3Ј