“…In contrast, a small minority of bone dysplasias have been associated with specific environmental exposures, in utero as well as after birth. Examples include some forms of chondrodysplasia punctata due to maternal autoimmune disorders, prenatal vitamin K deficiency, or use of certain medications, such as warfarin (Irving, Chitty, Mansour, & Hall, 2008) and cortical hyperostosis, following post-natal administration of prostaglandin E1 in the management of congenital heart disease (Gardiner, Zauk, Donchey, & McInerney, 1995).…”