Prospectus on the Economic Value of Clinical Pharmacy Services

Willett, Michael S.; Bertch, Karen E.; Rich, Darryl S.; Ereshefsky, Larry; Elenbaas, Robert M.

doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1989.tb04103.x

Cited by 47 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Fourth, a search of a science citation database (Web of Science) was conducted to identify articles that referenced previous reviews. [2][3][4][5][6] Articles identified through these methods again were collected and screened for inclusion, and added to the set of articles subjected to full review.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000

et al. 2003

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We sought to summarize and assess original evaluations of the economic impact of clinical pharmacy services published from 1996–2000, and to provide recommendations and methodologic considerations for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles that were then blinded and randomly assigned to reviewers who confirmed inclusion and abstracted key information. Results were compared with those of a similar review of literature published from 1988–1995. In the 59 included articles, the studies were conducted across a variety of practice sites that consisted of hospitals (52%), community pharmacies and clinics (41%), health maintenance organizations (3%), and long‐term or intermediate care facilities (3%). They focused on a broad range of clinical pharmacy services such as general pharmacotherapeutic monitoring (47%), target drug programs (20%), disease management programs (10%), and patient education or cognitive services (10%). Compared with the studies of the previous review, a greater proportion of evaluations were conducted in community pharmacies or clinics, and the types of services evaluated tended to be more comprehensive rather than specialized. Articles were categorized by type of evaluation: 36% were considered outcome analyses, 24% full economic analyses, 17% outcome descriptions, 15% cost and outcome descriptions, and 8% cost analyses. Compared with the studies of the previous review, a greater proportion of studies in the current review used more rigorous study designs. Most studies reported positive financial benefits of the clinical pharmacy service evaluated. In 16 studies, a benefit:cost ratio was reported by the authors or was able to be calculated by the reviewers (these ranged from 1.7:1–17.0:1, median 4.68:1). The body of literature from this 5‐year period provides continued evidence of the economic benefit of clinical pharmacy services. Although the quality of study design has improved, whenever possible, future evaluations of this type should incorporate methodologies that will further enhance the strength of evidence of this literature and the conclusions that may be drawn from it.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first, printed in 1989, summarized the literature published before 1988. 2 The second ACCPsponsored work reviewed economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services published between 1988 and 1995. 3 Other similar reviews that cover differing time ranges also have been published.…”

Section: Pharmacotherapy Volume 23 Number 1 2003mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000

et al. 2003

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“…25 Although it is unclear whether patient health outcomes may be affected, evidence supports the assertion that these enhanced services likely can result in reduced health care use and substantial cost savings. 23,[26][27][28][29][30] Reviews of pharmacy practice evaluations suggest that well-designed studies with many subjects are necessary to clearly establish the impact of pharmaceutical services on patient outcome. 16,24,25 The application of methods developed for large multicenter clinical trials 4 could be applied to the naturalistic practice setting to generate stronger evidence for the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of enhanced pharmacy practice interventions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Practice‐Based Research: Lessons from Community Pharmacist Participants

et al. 2001

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We designed this project to determine community pharmacists' opinions regarding the challenges and motivations of their recent participation in a pharmacy practice-based research study At the conclusion of a randomized, multicenter study, 87 community pharmacist-investigators were sent a questionnaire that explored four areas: motivating factors to participate, barriers to participation, communication tools used by study coordinators, and design issues for future studies. Fifty-eight (67%) completed questionnaires were returned. Key factors motivating participation in the study were desire to improve the profession and opportunity to learn. Time was the greatest barrier to participation. Pharmacy practice-based research has two distinct advantages. First, it translates clinical knowledge into direct application in the community. Second, it provides needed data to demonstrate the value of enhanced pharmacy practice. Thorough understanding of pharmacists' opinions is necessary to optimize the design of future studies.

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“…There have been four significant reviews of the literature in the area of economic assessment of CPS. 12,19,20,21 These reviews provide literature reference lists and can serve as valuable resources to identify studies applicable to one' s practice.…”

Section: Strategy 1: Literature Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to Assess the Economic Outcomes of Clinical Pharmacy Services

Schumock

2000

Pharmacotherapy

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Studies that demonstrate the clinical and economic burden of drug misadventures have been published. The economic burden of drug misadventures likely exceeds $100 billion annually in the United States alone. Clinical pharmacy services (CPS) have been shown to reduce negative clinical outcomes and costs of drug therapy. Pharmacy practitioners and pharmacy managers need to demonstrate the impact of CPS at the local level and present the value to financial decision-makers to gain support for implementation, continuation, and/or expansion of those services. The basic model of an economic evaluation includes measurement of both costs and consequences of a service and of an alternative for comparison. Strategies for economic assessments include the generalization from previously published literature, use of modeling techniques, and measurement of actual costs and consequences of an existing service. Guidelines for conducting an economic assessment are widely available. Pharmacy practitioners and managers should use these methods of assessing economic outcomes of CPS and, at the same time, develop relationships and skills to effectively communicate the value of those services so as to ensure long-term success.

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Prospectus on the Economic Value of Clinical Pharmacy Services

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000

Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000

Practice‐Based Research: Lessons from Community Pharmacist Participants

Methods to Assess the Economic Outcomes of Clinical Pharmacy Services

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