Prospects of nanoparticle-based radioenhancement for radiotherapy

Abstract

Radiotherapy is a key pillar of solid cancer treatment. Despite high level of conformal dose deposition, radiotherapy is limited due to co-irradiation of organs-at risk and subsequent normal tissue toxicities....

Clonogenic assay and computational modeling using real cell images to study physical enhancement and cellular sensitization induced by metal nanoparticles under MV and kV X-ray irradiation

“…2 Radiosensitizers, agents enhancing therapeutic efficiency when combined with ionizing radiation, have garnered attention in mitigating radioresistance and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. 3,4 Radiosensitizers are commonly stratified into three different classes: small molecules, macromolecules, and nanomaterials. 5 Small molecules and macromolecules sensitize cells via signaling pathway alterations; however, they do not possess their own physical radioenhancement properties.…”

“…2 Radiosensitizers, agents enhancing therapeutic efficiency when combined with ionizing radiation, have garnered attention in mitigating radioresistance and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. 3,4…”

Janus ACSP Nanoparticle for Synergistic Chemodynamic Therapy and Radiosensitization

“…Nanoradiosensitizers, mainly high Z nanomaterials, possessing much higher mass-energy coefficients for X-ray absorption and attenuation, can enhance intracellular radiation deposition and radiation-induced tumor cell killing and regulate the tumor microenvironment. , Various multifunctional radiosensitive nanomaterials have been investigated based on Au, Bi, Gd, Hf, and other high-Z elements. − The newly emerging nanomaterial-mediated radiosensitive agents show quite obvious synergy between radiation and other treatment modalities, such as catalyzing ROS generation, regulating the cell cycle, adjusting signal pathways, enhancing photothermal therapy, and so on. − In addition, the high atomic number characteristic enables imaging guidance.…”

X-ray radio-enhancement by Ti3C2Tx MXenes in soft tissue sarcoma

“…This scarcity largely precludes rational selection of material candidates. 6,7 The current understanding suggests that the radio-enhancement mechanism relies on the much higher photoelectric cross-section of high-Z nanoparticles, compared to that of soft tissue, at photon energies up to several hundred keV. 8,9 The ejection of an inner-shell electron close to the atomic nucleus leads to a cascading emission of several low-energy electrons (known as the Auger cascade) when the electron vacancy is refilled.…”

“…However, a deeper mechanistic understanding is still needed. 7 Historically, the radio-enhancement field has been strongly focused on gold nanomaterials. 8,[17][18][19][20] The prevailing hypothesis was that gold atoms, having a high atomic number (Z), would interact strongly with photon radiation compared to cell tissue/water.…”