Prospects of hybrid rainwater-greywater decentralised system for water recycling and reuse: A review

Leong, Janet Yip Cheng; Oh, Kai Siang; Poh, Phaik Eong; Chong, Meng Nan

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.167

Cited by 87 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…For potable uses (all indoor uses except drinking) the treatment equipment considered were a first flush filter, a leaf filter, a 20 micron sediment filter, an activated carbon filter, a 5 micron sediment filter, and chlorination. Other disinfection features such as silver ions (Adler et al ) and UV (Ghimire et al ; Leong et al ) were explored but from the treatment costs elicited from Mexican suppliers, chlorination was still the most economical. However, it is known that chlorination has other downsides, such as the formation of toxic disinfection by‐products and the risks from incorrect dosing (Nieuwenhuijsen et al ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

Larrauri

Gutierrez

Lall

et al. 2020

J American Water Resour Assoc

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We assess the potential financial benefits of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Mexico City from the perspective of property owners and entrepreneurs. A bottom‐up approach was followed by evaluating RWH at individual buildings and aggregating the results to a borough/city level. We consider sector‐specific water demands, potable and nonpotable uses, and user‐specific water tariffs. We find that RWH is economically most beneficial for nondomestic users rather than for small domestic users, who are often the target of RWH interventions. Based on a net present value analysis, a potable RWH system is not favored for most domestic users under the current subsidized municipal water tariff structure. Our analysis only considers capital and maintenance expenses, and not other benefits related to increased access to water and reliability, or social benefits from a switch to a RWH system. If the initial capital expense for RWH is partly financed by transferring the water subsidy to an entrepreneur, then RWH becomes financially attractive for a wide range of domestic users. To improve water access in Mexico City, RWH is attractive in the most marginalized boroughs where water use is currently lower and precipitation is higher. For domestic users relying on trucked water, RWH can have great financial benefits. Our approach provides quantitative data with high spatial specificity, highlighting the places and types of users that would benefit most from RWH.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

Larrauri

Gutierrez

Lall

et al. 2020

J American Water Resour Assoc

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“…Lee et al showed that the average pH reaches higher values in the spring and summer, while Leong et al stated that the reaction is reduced in the summer and winter months. The reason for this phenomenon is the increased content of nitrogen and sulfur compounds that get into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of liquid and fossil fuels [15,16,17].…”

Section: The Quality Of Rainwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the quality and use of rainwater as the basis for sustainable water management in suburban areas

2018

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A common economic use of rainwater is the basis for strategies that will allow the water sector to adapt to progressive climate change. Rainwater is a basic part of water resources that ensures the renewal of the surface and groundwater, therefore they should be protected against pollution and be managed and used in places of rainfall. This is particularly true for heavily urbanized, agricultural and industrial areas. Stormwater collection and storage systems have been introduced in many countries [1]. The water obtained in this way is a valuable source of fresh water, thanks to which it is possible to reduce the demand for tap water by almost 60% or use it during periods of drought [1,2]. The idea of the sustainable management of water resources and the increasing ecological consciousness of society have allowed installations for the collection and use of rainwater in residential houses and public buildings to become an increasingly popular phenomenon [3,4]. The research and assessment of rainwater quality is a guarantee of safety for its users. The article presents the results of research on the physical and chemical quality of rainwater collected directly from precipitation. Samples for research were collected in a suburban area during March-November 2015. The pH, turbidity, permanganate index, OWO, nitrogen compounds, phosphates, oxygen content, acidity, basicity, conductivity, hardness, and heavy metals content were determined. The obtained results were the basis for indicating the possibility of using rainwater for various economic purposes.

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“…Worsening urban water stress is a threat to human development. In this context, rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) have been recognized as a simple and effective approach to ease water stress in many countries, e.g., Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Italy, Portugal, China, Brazil, and Mexico [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Water conservation through RWHSs is also one of the most discussed concepts in arid and semiarid areas [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Iran’s Potable Water-Saving Scheme by Using a GIS-Simulation Based Decision Support System

Chiu

Aghaloo

Mohammadi

2020

Water

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Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) have been accepted as a simple and effective approach to ease the worsening of urban water stress. However, in arid and semiarid regions, a comprehensive method for promoting domestic RWHSs in a large-scale water-saving scheme that incorporates water consumption reducing equipment (WCRE) and gray water reuse (GWR), has not been well developed. For this, based on the case study of Guilan Province, Iran, this study addressed the temporal-spatial complex of rainfall and proposed a GIS-simulation-based decision support system (DSS). Herein, two scenarios, i.e., the typical RWHS and the modified RWHS for arid areas, were tested; and the associated economic analysis was performed and compared with WCRE and GWR. Moreover, for larger-scale implementation, the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) technique was further applied to address the social-environmental complexity of these water-saving methods. Guilan Province has thereby been classified into three priority levels, providing a straightforward understanding of how to promote the large-scale water-saving scheme. Compared with the traditional generalized method, sensitivity analysis verified that this DSS enhanced the information value. Hence, the DSS that provides more holistic and comprehensive support has been identified as a useful tool to ease the threat of urban water stress.

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Prospects of hybrid rainwater-greywater decentralised system for water recycling and reuse: A review

Cited by 87 publications

References 108 publications

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

An assessment of the quality and use of rainwater as the basis for sustainable water management in suburban areas

Incorporating Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Iran’s Potable Water-Saving Scheme by Using a GIS-Simulation Based Decision Support System

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