“…Nanofluids are an emerging type of functional fluid (Guthrie et al, 2019;Malkin et al, 2019;Mustafa et al, 2019), in which nanoparticles have been proven to enhance the heat and mass transfer characteristics (Manikandan et al, 2020;Sheremet et al, 2021). These fluids have excellent application potential in refrigeration (Gao et al, 20201159), air conditioning (Said and Hassan, 2018), biomedical applications (Elahi et al, 2018), solar energy (Meibodi et al, 2016), and microelectronics fields (Sharma and Prasad, 2021).…”