Prospects for Pakistan-China-Iran Trilateral Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges

Raza, Fatima

doi:10.53532/ss.039.03.00104

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…China's financial strength has grown dramatically, with Beijing surpassing the EU as Iran's top trading partner in 2018 (Wuthnow, 2016). Since the U.S. withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018, China has been Iran's top oil customer, purchasing 850,000 barrels daily and accounting for 26% of Iran's oil exports (Raza, 2019). Without a doubt, the China–Iran partnership has been increasing in recent years.…”

Section: China–iran Strategic Agreement: Interests Drivers and Opport...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

Hussain,

Jamali,

Nisar

et al. 2024

Politics & Policy

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This article argues that China is advancing its relations with Iran and Pakistan based on pragmatic balancing, a key component of soft balancing, to safeguard and advance national self‐interest. China's relationship with Pakistan is based on shared interests to counter the Indian hegemony in South Asia and end the Chinese energy security dilemma through an overland route of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The bilateral relationship has enhanced and expanded over the years, despite steep transformations in regional geopolitics. Meanwhile, abundant Iranian energy reserves and Tehran's willingness to support China against the United States in the Middle East encouraged the Chinese leadership to sign a strategic deal with no significant ramifications for Pakistan and CPEC. The fair‐weather friendship between China and Iran remains limited in scope, often suspending cooperation in various domains, including energy and defense. Nonetheless, an all‐weather friendship between China and Pakistan sustained the collaboration of security, economy, and diplomacy, meticulously representing sincerity and cordiality.Related ArticlesBishwakarma, Jham Kumar, and Zongshan Hu. 2021. “Problems and Prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).” Politics & Policy 50(1): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12443.Singh, Amit, and Amit Sarwal. 2017. “Paraspara, Encounters, and Confluences: India's Soft Power Objective in the Indo‐Pacific Region.” Politics & Policy 45(5): 733–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12222.Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Saad. 2020. “American Global Supremacy under Threat? The Chinese Factor.” Politics & Policy 49(2): 502–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12402.

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Section: China–iran Strategic Agreement: Interests Drivers and Opport...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

Hussain,

Jamali,

Nisar

et al. 2024

Politics & Policy

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“…Thus, China-Iran 25-year agreement has a significant meaning for China's energy requirement. Due to its dependency on oil, China was among the few countries that have been granted the exception of the U.S. sanctions on Iran (Raza, 2019). Thus, China-Iran energy relations did not affect deeply.…”

Section: The Risks and Opportunities Of The Iran-china Strategic Part...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamics of Iran-China “New” Strategic Cooperation

YILDIRIMÇAKAR

2023

Alternatif Politika

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Iran-China cooperation is not one-dimensional that based only on the economic interests of the two parties. It has other dimensions such as seeking new strategies to minimize the domination of the United States in Central Asia and the Middle East to ensure the efficient operation of their future political, economic, and strategic policies. In 2013, with the declaration of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Iran-China cooperation increasingly became more critical for the two countries' political, national, and international interests. To this end, Iran and China have decided to sign a long-term (25 years) strategic cooperation agreement and Iran was admitted to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a full member in September 2021. Since Iran and China have common interests in political, economic, security, and military cooperation, it is predicted that the strategic and long-standing cooperation between Iran and China will be one of the most significant factors to change the balance of the Middle East and Central Asia both politically and economically. From this point of view, this study aims to explore the dynamics affecting Iran-China strategic cooperation and analyze the core factors behind this rapprochement.

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“…Further, the security situation in this region has always remained harrowing due to hybrid threats such as terrorism, religious extremism and sectarian clashes. The internal challenges of political instability and socio‐economic factors can also affect this nexus adversely (Raza, 2019).…”

Section: Political Impacts Of Us–china Strategic Competition On Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, the US economic sanctions would remain a major impediment in building strong Pakistan-Iran relations.Further, the security situation in this region has always remained harrowing due to hybrid threats such as terrorism, religious extremism and sectarian clashes. The internal challenges of political instability and socio-economic factors can also affect this nexus adversely(Raza, 2019).5.4 | Impact of Pakistan's relations with the Gulf countriesAnother critical political impact of US-China Strategic Competition in on Pakistan's relations with Gulf States especially with Saudi Arabia and UAE. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and UAE had traditionally been under the influence of the US.…”

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Revisiting US–China strategic competition in Central Asia and its impact on Pakistan

Gul

Munir²,

Hussain

et al. 2021

Journal of Public Affairs

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Since the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, the US, and China are aspiring to enhance their strategic influence in Central Asia which has recently been intensified due to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Further, China has also increased its influence in Central Asia through regional organizations such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Against this backdrop, Pakistan emerged as an important pivot of China's BRI where the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the flagship project. This study begins with a theoretical debate of Heartland theory of Halford John Mackinder and the later version of Heartland theory into Rimland theory by Nicolas Spykman, which explains the geopolitical significance of Central Asia for Major Powers. Within this theoretical context, the study discusses China and the US grand strategies in Central Asia in the form of China's BRI, SCO and the US counter‐strategies such as from phase 1.0, policy to 2.0, policy, and the recent initiative of C5 + 1. The study finds out that US–China strategic competition will have implications for various states having relations with both of these two major powers. In case of Pakistan, the strategic competition between China and the US will affect various dimensions of Pakistan's security at the broader level such as political, military, and economic security. First, at the political level, it is affecting Pakistan's relations with Russia, China, Iran, and Gulf States. Second, at military level, Pakistan's strategic value has been enhanced as a frontline state against terrorism. Finally, at the economic level, CPEC provides opportunities for Pakistan's economy and regional connectivity.

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Prospects for Pakistan-China-Iran Trilateral Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

The Dynamics of Iran-China “New” Strategic Cooperation

Revisiting US–China strategic competition in Central Asia and its impact on Pakistan

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