Prospects for Optogenetic Augmentation of Brain Function

Jarvis, Sarah; Schultz, Simon R.

doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00157

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…These results serve as evidence that the timing of therapeutic interventions is critical in neurorehabilitation, and that failed treatment strategies pursued in isolation may not, in fact, be futile; instead, they may need to be applied under a different set of circumstances or synergistically with other macro level treatments. This principle could also apply to stem cells (Mothe and Tator, 2012), gene therapies (Warren Olanow et al, 2015), optogenetics (reviewed in Jarvis and Schultz, 2015), neuronal transplantation (Furlanetti et al, 2015), and novel biological or immunotherapies (Maier et al, 2009; Alilain et al, 2011). While details of these treatments remain largely outside the scope of this paper, unfortunately they are all still far from clinical implementation.…”

Section: Discussion and Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation

et al. 2016

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After an initial period of recovery, human neurological injury has long been thought to be static. In order to improve quality of life for those suffering from stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury, researchers have been working to restore the nervous system and reduce neurological deficits through a number of mechanisms. For example, neurobiologists have been identifying and manipulating components of the intra- and extracellular milieu to alter the regenerative potential of neurons, neuro-engineers have been producing brain-machine and neural interfaces that circumvent lesions to restore functionality, and neurorehabilitation experts have been developing new ways to revitalize the nervous system even in chronic disease. While each of these areas holds promise, their individual paths to clinical relevance remain difficult. Nonetheless, these methods are now able to synergistically enhance recovery of native motor function to levels which were previously believed to be impossible. Furthermore, such recovery can even persist after training, and for the first time there is evidence of functional axonal regrowth and rewiring in the central nervous system of animal models. To attain this type of regeneration, rehabilitation paradigms that pair cortically-based intent with activation of affected circuits and positive neurofeedback appear to be required—a phenomenon which raises new and far reaching questions about the underlying relationship between conscious action and neural repair. For this reason, we argue that multi-modal therapy will be necessary to facilitate a truly robust recovery, and that the success of investigational microscopic techniques may depend on their integration into macroscopic frameworks that include task-based neurorehabilitation. We further identify critical components of future neural repair strategies and explore the most updated knowledge, progress, and challenges in the fields of cellular neuronal repair, neural interfacing, and neurorehabilitation, all with the goal of better understanding neurological injury and how to improve recovery.

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Section: Discussion and Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation

et al. 2016

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“…One such technique is optogenetics, which allows using light to switch on or off certain brain circuits, but at this point is only applicable in the animal model [179]. There are several new non-pharmacological interventions in psychiatry that effect brain activity.…”

Section: New Approaches To Medication Intervention In Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects

Frank

Shott

2016

CNS Drugs

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Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder without approved medication intervention. Every class of psychoactive medication has been tried to improve treatment outcome; however, randomized controlled trials have been ambiguous at best and across studies have not shown robust improvements in weight gain and recovery. Here we review the available literature on pharmacological interventions since anorexia nervosa came to greater public recognition in the 1960s. This will include a critical review of why those trials may not have been successful. We further provide a neurobiological background for the disorder and discuss how cognition, learning and emotion-regulating circuits could become treatment targets in the future. Making every effort to develop effective pharmacological treatment options for anorexia nervosa is imperative, as it continues to be a complex psychiatric disorder with high disease burden and mortality.

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“…From device engineering perspective, optogenetics' major challenges include geometrical and mechanical design issues, light delivery stability and precision, optimization of light/power efficiency, heat dissipation 43,123,129 . Other issues, specially for applicability in clinical settings, relate to safe opsin molecular engineering, safe opsin delivery and optical stimulation techniques 49 . For these reasons, optogenetics is still not a viable option for clinical purposes 43,49 .…”

Section: B Control Obstacles and Failures Of Neural Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other issues, specially for applicability in clinical settings, relate to safe opsin molecular engineering, safe opsin delivery and optical stimulation techniques 49 . For these reasons, optogenetics is still not a viable option for clinical purposes 43,49 . However, the main biophysical challenges are photoelectric artifact (Becquerel effect) and photothermal effects 54 .…”

Section: B Control Obstacles and Failures Of Neural Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the attempts for control through optogenetics have faced other serious challenges related to the underlying information processing of the systems under study. The biggest hurdle is our limited system level understanding of brain functions 49 . The observed variability of the evoked behavior following transient inactivation of the motor cortex in rats and nucleus interface (Nif) in songbirds 90 has seriously challenged the assumption that optogenetics can effectively overcome nonspecific cell targeting and temporal imprecision.…”

Section: B Control Obstacles and Failures Of Neural Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical principles of multiscale spatiotemporal control of neuronal networks: a complex systems perspective

Dehghani

2017

Preprint

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Success in the fine control of the nervous system depends on a deeper understanding of how neural circuits control behavior. There is, however, a wide gap between the components of neural circuits and behavior. We advance the idea that a suitable approach for narrowing this gap has to be based on a multiscale informationtheoretic description of the system. We evaluate the possibility that brain-wide complex neural computations can be dissected into a hierarchy of computational motifs that rely on smaller circuit modules interacting at multiple scales. In doing so, we draw attention to the importance of formalizing the goals of stimulation in terms of neural computations so that the possible implementations are matched in scale to the underlying circuit modules.

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Prospects for Optogenetic Augmentation of Brain Function

Cited by 41 publications

References 69 publications

Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation

Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation

The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects

Theoretical principles of multiscale spatiotemporal control of neuronal networks: a complex systems perspective

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