Prospects for higher spatial resolution quantitative X-ray analysis using transition element L-lines

Statham, Peter J.; Holland, J.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/55/1/012017

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Gopon et al (2013) showed that use of the less intense L 3 -M 1 line (Lℓ) may be a suitable alternative for the analysis of Fe silicides at low voltage. Statham and Holland (2013) also used the L 3 -M 1 lines to analyze a high Cr–Ni steel and they concluded that using L 3 -M 1 lines may be a route to improve quantitative analysis at low voltage, although Cr content was still found to be 9% below the expected values. Pinard and Richter (2014) used L 3 -M 1 lines to re-analyze the alloy steels used in Llovet et al’s (2012) round-robin study obtaining good results for major elements, while showing large discrepancies for minor elements such as Mn and Co.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Ni Silicides Using Ni-L X-Ray Lines

et al. 2016

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We report electron probe microanalysis measurements on nickel silicides, Ni5Si2, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, and NiSi, which were done in order to investigate anomalies that affect the analysis of such materials by using the Ni L3-M4,5 line (Lα). Possible sources of systematic discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical predictions of Ni L3-M4,5 k-ratios are examined, and special attention is paid to dependence of the Ni L3-M4,5 k-ratios on mass-attenuation coefficients and partial fluorescence yields. Self-absorption X-ray spectra and empirical mass-attenuation coefficients were obtained for the considered materials from X-ray emission spectra and relative X-ray intensity measurements, respectively. It is shown that calculated k-ratios with empirical mass attenuation coefficients and modified partial fluorescence yields give better agreement with experimental data, except at very low accelerating voltages. Alternatively, satisfactory agreement is also achieved by using the Ni L3-M1 line (Lℓ) instead of the Ni L3-M4,5 line.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Ni Silicides Using Ni-L X-Ray Lines

et al. 2016

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“…As shown in Table 2, Λ Al /Λ Mg is close to 1, indicating that simulations of Mg K-line and Al K-line intensities are consistent with the experiments, but calibration factors for Zn L-line data are far from unity. The challenges of using transition element L-lines in X-ray quantitative analysis have been well studied (Armstrong & Crispin, 2012; Statham & Holland, 2014). For the experiments, the L-lines have multiple subshells, thus, the accurate measurement and extraction of experimental intensities is difficult.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The f-Ratio Quantification Method for X-ray Microanalysis Applied to Mg–Al–Zn Alloys

et al. 2019

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The f-ratio quantitative X-ray microanalysis method has been recently developed for binary systems based on a scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) system. This method incorporates traditional EDS experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, and calibration factors are calculated with standard samples to evaluate the differences between them. In this work, the f-ratio method was extended to Mg–Al–Zn multi-element systems using a cold field emission SEM and a tungsten emission SEM. Results show that the stability of the beam current does not influence the f-ratio quantification accuracy. Thus, the f-ratio method is suitable for quantitative X-ray mapping with a long-time acquisition or even an unstable beam current. Comparing with other quantitative techniques including the routine standardless analysis and the standard-based k-ratio method, the f-ratio method is a simple and accurate quantification method.

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“…One solution to the quantification problems of Ni-silicides at low voltage is to use the Ni-Ll line, as has already been suggested by [8][9][10]. The Ll-line, with an energy of 742 eV, is far from the L 2,3 -absorption edges, and corresponds to a radiative transition (L 3 -M 1 ) that does not involve the unfilled 3d-shell.…”

Section: K-ratios Using the Ni-ll Line And Conventional Macsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statham and Holland [9] also used the Ll-lines to analyse a high Cr-Ni steel. These authors concluded that it may be a route to improve quantitative analysis, although Cr-concentrations were found to be 9 % below expected values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%