“…The RNAi trait is combined with the Cry3Bb1 protein for improved target pest control and resistance management (Levine et al, 2015;Head et al, 2017). Second, the dsRNA molecules can be applied externally, for example in irrigation water or through trunk injections (Hunter et al, 2012;Li et al, 2015a;Niu et al, 2018;Kunte et al, 2020), in food-baits (Zhou et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2010), by using delivery systems such as micro-organisms, viruses, nanocarriers (Kunte et al, 2020;Vogel et al, 2019), or topically as spray applications (San Miguel and Scott, 2016).…”