Prospective validation of a new model for evaluating emergency medical services systems by in-field observation of specific time intervals in prehospital care

Relationship Between Emergency Medical Services Response Time and Bystander Intervention in Patients With Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest

“…Despite these bystander interventions, the outcome of this population (12.4%; 32 741/263 277) was not significantly better than the outcome of those who received no bystander intervention. Therefore, appropriate initiatives should be adopted to reduce EMS response time 31, 32, 33. Such initiatives may include the reconfiguration of emergency call systems to enable rapid arrival of lay‐trained volunteers before the arrival of EMS personnel at the scene, or the implementation of educational programs to improve performance of high‐quality bystander CPR with defibrillation 7, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42…”

“…Therefore, the EMS response time included the following: call receipt to EMS notification (activation interval), EMS notification to vehicle wheels rolling (turnout interval), and EMS wheels rolling to arrival at the scene (travel interval) 32, 33. As the activation and turnout intervals are reportedly around 1 minute,31, 32, 33 a longer response time may be predominantly attributed to the travel interval. The distribution of EMS centers in the different regions of Japan is approximately proportional to the population densities 12.…”

The “Vertical Response Time”: Barriers to Ambulance Response in an Urban Area

“…[2][3][4][5] Several other studies have reported on-scene to patient time intervals. [6][7][8][9] In a study of four EMS regions in Arizona, the on-scene to patient interval was 1.0 minute. 6 In Kansas City, Missouri, a city of 500,000, the median on-scene to patient time was 1.3 minutes; this time was 0.8 minutes when there were no identifiable barriers and 2.3 minutes when one or more barriers were identified.…”

“…[6][7][8][9] In a study of four EMS regions in Arizona, the on-scene to patient interval was 1.0 minute. 6 In Kansas City, Missouri, a city of 500,000, the median on-scene to patient time was 1.3 minutes; this time was 0.8 minutes when there were no identifiable barriers and 2.3 minutes when one or more barriers were identified. 7 The longer on-scene to patient intervals in our study may reflect the greater concentration of multistory buildings encountered in large metropolitan areas and the additional challenges in reaching patients in these buildings.…”

Reduction of time to definitive care in trauma patients: effectiveness of a new checklist system

“…Time to definitive care is a sum of many time intervals, as described by Spaite et al [17]. In the process of trauma patient transfer, the longest time interval is the time spent at the referring hospital [6].…”