Prospective study on observations of γ-ray sources in the Galaxy using the HADAR experiment

Qian, Xiang-Li; Sun, H.; Chen, Tianlu; Danzengluobu,; Feng, Y. L.; Gao, Qi; Gou, Q. B.; Guo, Yaoyao; Hu, Hongbo; Kang, Mingming; Li, Haijin; Liu, Cheng; Liu, Maoyuan; Liu, Wei; Qiao, Bing-Qiang; Wang, Xu; Wang, Zhen; Xin, G. G.; Yao, Yixu; Yuan, Qiang; Zhang, Yi

doi:10.1007/s11467-022-1206-x

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The tank is filled with ultra-pure water to maximize the transmittance of ultraviolet photons. The imaging system (referred to here as the camera) of this lens is comprised of 18,961 2 inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) (Qian et al 2022) positioned on the focal plane of the lens. Each water lens is designed to focus parallel light incident on its edge onto the edge of the camera, thereby extending the field of view of a single water lens to 60°.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma/Hadron Separation Method for the HADAR Experiment

Ren,

Chen,

Feng

et al. 2024

Res. Astron. Astrophys.

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Ground-based arrays of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are the most sensitive γ-ray detectors for energies of approximately 100 GeV and above. One such IACT is the High Altitude Detection of Astronomical Radiation (HADAR) experiment,which uses a large aperture refractive water lens system to capture atmospheric Cherenkov photons (i.e., the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique). The telescope array has a low threshold energy and large field of view, and can continuously scan the area of the sky being observed, which is conducive to monitoring and promptly responding to transient phenomena. The process of γ-hadron separation is essential in very-high-energy (VHE; >30 GeV) γ-ray astronomy and is a key factor for the successful utilization of IACTs. In this study, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were carried out to model the response of cosmic rays within the HADAR detectors. By analyzing the Hillas parameters and the distance between the event core and the telescope, the distinction between air showers initiated by γ rays and those initiated by cosmic rays was determined. Additionally, a Quality Factor was introduced to assess the telescope’s ability to suppress the background and to provide a more effective characterization of its performance.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma/Hadron Separation Method for the HADAR Experiment

Ren,

Chen,

Feng

et al. 2024

Res. Astron. Astrophys.

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“…The simulation of extensive air showers (EAS) for HADAR was completed using the Corsika software package (Version 74100), following the work of Xin GG [5], Qian XL [4], Chen QL [11], and others. The package adopted the atmospheric Cherenkov mode, where the high-energy part of the strong interaction model used QGSJETII 04 [13], low-energy part used Gheisha, and the electromagnetic component utilized EGS4 program.…”

Section: Hadar Simulation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IACTs can only monitor individual sources and are unable to cover extensive celestial areas owing to the drawbacks of a narrow field of view (3.5-5°) and short effective observation time (10%) [4]. To address this issue, the high altitude detection of astronomical radiation (HADAR) experiment, a ground-based experimental array with low threshold energy and large field of view, is proposed and carried out [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Gamma/Proton Identification Effect of HADAR Based on Multi-Layer Sensor

2024

mpcr

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This study aims to optimize the discrimination performance of gamma/proton in high altitude detection of astrological radiation (HADAR) experiments by employing the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm. The HADAR experiment is used to observe the Cherenkov light produced by cosmic rays and gamma rays in the atmosphere via a composite array composed of four water lenses and surrounding scintillation detectors. And it is highly competitive in detecting the transient sources and the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts due to its advantages such as low threshold energy (~30GeV) and wide field of view (~30°). However, the image discrimination between background noise and signal become weak when the detected energy of HADAR is less than 100 GeV, leading to unsatisfactory gamma/proton discrimination performance of traditional Hillas parameter methods. In this study, we employ MLP as a discriminator to conduct training and classification based on input characteristic parameters (such as Hillas parameters and core information). The results of Monte Carlo simulation demonstrate that the MLP method exhibits excellent performance and accuracy gamma/proton identification. Specifically, the discrimination between signal and background noise is enhanced at detection energies between 30-100 GeV, and the highest achieved Q-factor is 2.17 (proton exclusion rate ~97.80%, gamma retention rate ~32.20%). This study provides valuable references and a solid foundation for enhancing the gamma/proton discrimination performance of HADAR.

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Prospective study on observations of γ-ray sources in the Galaxy using the HADAR experiment

Cited by 2 publications

References 98 publications

Gamma/Hadron Separation Method for the HADAR Experiment

Gamma/Hadron Separation Method for the HADAR Experiment

Research on the Gamma/Proton Identification Effect of HADAR Based on Multi-Layer Sensor

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