Background. A growing body of evidence suggests an impact of rHuEpo on the immune system. Methods. We assessed the impact of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) on the immunity of 11 chronic renal failure patients who did not require haemodialysis. Naı¨ve (Tn), central (Tcm) and effectory memory (Tcm, Tem, TemRA) subsets of CD8þ T cells, memory-CMVspecific CD8þ T cells, titres of anti-CMV antibodies and activity of NK cells were evaluated during the first year of rHuEpo administration. Results. While the number of CD8 T cells did not change, significant change was found in their proportions. Percentage of Tn cells increased at the expense of Tcm cells. Appearing Tn cells were CD28þ increasing the total pool of CD28þ T cells. Together with decreasing number, Tcm cells changed to mainly CD28À Tcm cells. A 'move' towards the naı¨ve compartment was also confirmed as the level of memory-CMV-specific CD8þ T cells decreased. Humoral immunity analysed as titres of anti-CMV antibodies as well as innate immunity measured as cytotoxicity of NK cells did not change during the follow-up. Conclusions. We found that the administration of rHuEpo caused rejuvenation of cellular CD8þ T-dependent immunity in our patients.