Prospective Study of Prodromal Features for Bipolarity in Well Amish Children

Externalizing disorders in the offspring from the San Diego prospective study of alcoholism

“…Our findings expand that knowledge base by demonstrating the link can still be observed in families with higher educated and more affluent parents who do not evidence ASPD themselves. As would be expected, offspring with CD were mostly male and more likely to demonstrate both higher drinking quantities and problems, and had more pervasive patterns of use and disorders associated with substances of abuse than the 148 remaining young subjects (Egeland et al, 2003;Emsinger et al, 2002;Fridell et al, 2006). As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the relationship between CD and AUDs and/ or SUDs in the sons and daughters of our probands remained robust even when considered in the context of age, income, divorced parents, and the FH of bipolar disorder.…”

“…Among mood disorders, the link to bipolar illness appears to be particularly strong (Biederman et al, 2000;Henin et al, 2005;Wozniak et al, 2001). In addition, young subjects with externalizing conditions have been reported to have higher rates of aggressiveness, antisocial behaviors, substance-related disorders, and manic depressive disease (Chang et al, 2000;Egeland et al, 2003;Emsinger et al, 2002;Fridell et al, 2006;Hirshfield-Becker et al, 2006;Pedersen et al, 2001;Raine et al, 1998).…”

Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations

“…A similar cluster of prodromal behaviors was identified by Egeland et al (2000Egeland et al ( , 2003Shaw, Egeland, Endicott, Allen, & Hostetter, 2005) in a 7-10 year follow-up of Amish children. Few of the children of bipolar I or II parents actually developed bipolar disorder within the time frame.…”

“…The cyclothymic children also had more depressive episodes at follow-up, more psychotic symptoms, more suicidal ideation and attempts, and more instances of antidepressant-induced hypomanic or manic episodes. Cyclothymic children were described, at baseline, as highly mood-labile and emotionally overactive, explosively angry, impulsive, aggressive, and emotionally hypersensitive, much as the studies by and Egeland et al (2000Egeland et al ( , 2003 had described. Young adults with these cyclothymic temperaments have been found to have a high familial loading for affective disorder (Akiskal, 1995).…”

The course of bipolar disorder

“…The Amish Community Study (Egeland 2003;Shaw 2005) found that during a 7-year follow-up, high-risk individuals experienced more episodic constellations of affective symptoms rather than a chronic gradation of emerging symptoms. The symptom profile included episodic mood lability, low energy, anxiety, hyperalertness, attention problems, school role impairment and excitability as well as the continuous presence of sensitivity, somatic complaints and stubborn behaviours.…”