Prospective study of coffee consumption and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Swedish women

Abstract

We investigated whether coffee consumption was associated with all-cause, cancer, or cardiovascular mortality in a prospective cohort of 49,259 Swedish women. Of the 1576 deaths that occurred in the cohort, 956 were due to cancer and 158 were due to cardiovascular disease. We used Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for potential confounders to estimate multivariable relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Compared to a coffee consumption of 0-1 cups/day, the RR for all cause-mortality was 0.81 (95 % CI 0.69-0.94) for 2-5 cups/day and 0.88 (95 % CI 0.74-1.05) for >5 cups/day. Coffee consumption was not associated with cancer mortality or cardiovascular mortality when analyzed in the entire cohort. However, in supplementary analyses of women over 50 years of age, the RR for all cause-mortality was 0.74 (95 % CI 0.62-0.89) for 2-5 cups/day and 0.86 (95 % CI 0.70-1.06) for >5 cups/day when compared to 0-1 cups/day. In this same subgroup, the RRs for cancer mortality were 1.06 (95 % CI 0.81-1.38) for 2-5 cups/day and 1.40 (95 % CI 1.05-1.89) for >5 cups/day when compared to 0-1 cups/day. No associations between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, or cardiovascular mortality were observed among women below 50 years of age. In conclusion, higher coffee consumption was associated with lower all-cause mortality when compared to a consumption of 0-1 cups/day. Furthermore, coffee may have differential effects on mortality before and after 50 years of age.

Caffeine in the Diet: Country-Level Consumption and Guidelines

“…While drip filter coffee is the most popular brewing method worldwide, plunger coffee dominates in northern Europe. Turkish coffee is popular in the Middle East, Greece, Turkey, and Eastern Europe, and Espresso and Moka methods are the most common in Italy, Spain, and Portugal [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Tea habits also vary around the world [ 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Nighttime sleep duration, 24-hour sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

“…First, sleep duration was self-reported and, therefore, might be subject to error and misclassification, and participants might also change their sleep pattern during follow-up. Second, while we extracted RRs that reflected the greatest degree of control for potential confounders, the extent to which they were adjusted for and potential residual confounding by other unmeasured factors 41 42 43 44 45 should also be considered. In addition, adjustment for potential factors that may be on the biological pathway between sleep duration and mortality risk would result in over adjustment.…”

The Pocket-4-Life project, bioavailability and beneficial properties of the bioactive compounds of espresso coffee and cocoa-based confectionery containing coffee: study protocol for a randomized cross-over trial

“…On the other hand, heterogeneity in individual responsiveness to food components (point 2) can obscure associations between diet and health, and limit the understanding of the exact role of the different coffee bioactives. Individual responses to coffee consumption, potentially driven by variations in the bioavailability of key metabolites [ 70 ], may be affected by gender [ 18 , 60 ], age [ 71 ], weight or BMI [ 18 , 60 ], health status [ 15 ], genetic polymorphisms [ 72 , 73 ], smoking [ 60 ], physical activity [ 74 ], dietary habits, and gut microbiota composition [ 75 – 78 ], among other factors. The gut microbiota has recently emerged as one of the key drivers for diet: cardiometabolic health interactions, due to its ability to produce several metabolites that modulate host physiology at many levels [ 77 , 79 , 80 ].…”