Prospective on Eye-Tracking-based Studies in Immersive Virtual Reality

Li, Fan; Lee, Ching Hung; Feng, Shanshan; Trappey, Amy J.C.; Gilani, Fazal

doi:10.1109/cscwd49262.2021.9437692

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Various methods and tools for tracking eye movements while using a VR headset, or a head-mounted display (HMD), have been studied and analyzed, including an eye-tracking tool, like Tobii and Pupil Labs. However, the VR environment still requires more in-depth study on eye-tracking [27], [28]. For example, Imaoka et al [29] validated the use of the VIVE Pro Eye headset as a saccadic eye movement recording tool through statistical analysis by reporting results that are within the range of previously reported studies [30].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 91%

Eye Movements and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex as User Response in Virtual Reality

2023

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Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in gaming, training, and health-related applications. However, the level of immersion and presence generated by VR can significantly influence the user and the achievement of desired outcomes. Therefore, methods to assess levels of immersion and presence need to be established. In this paper, we investigate the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and saccadic eye movements in multiple subjects exposed to VR to determine if VR triggers these responses as in real life. Using an HTC VIVE Pro Eye headset and Tobii Pro Lab software, we record head and eye movements in response to a 3D video of a roller coaster ride. Our results show that critical scenes in the video triggered VOR and saccadic eye movements in most subjects, indicating a strong correlation between VOR and saccadic eye movements during VR immersion. These findings may have implications for the study of human behavior and suggest the use of eye movement measures as feedback mechanisms during VR experiences.INDEX TERMS Eye movements, head movements, virtual reality, vestibular-ocular, reflex, saccadic movements.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 91%

Eye Movements and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex as User Response in Virtual Reality

2023

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“…In fact, eye tracking is a well-established method for assessing usability and user experience in various settings [45]. A review by Li et al confirmed that eye tracking is useful for measuring mental workload, immersion level and user experience in VR [46].…”

Section: Eye Tracking In Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Energy Systems Design Using Immersive Virtual Reality: A Multi-Modal Evaluation Approach

AlQallaf,

Ghannam

2024

Solar

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As the demand for renewable energy sources continues to increase, solar energy is becoming an increasingly popular option. Therefore, effective training in solar energy systems design and operation is crucial to ensure the successful implementation of solar energy technology. To make this training accessible to a wide range of people from different backgrounds, it is important to develop effective and engaging training methods. Immersive virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing solar energy training and education. In this paper, a unique method is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of an immersive VR experience for solar energy systems design using a multi-modal approach that includes a detailed analysis of user engagement. To gain a detailed analysis of user engagement, the VR experience was segmented into multiple scenes. Moreover, an eye-tracker and wireless wearable sensors were used to accurately measure user engagement and performance in each scene. The results demonstrate that the immersive VR experience was effective in improving users’ understanding of solar energy systems design and their ability to perform complex tasks. Moreover, by using sensors to measure user engagement, specific areas that required improvement were identified and insights for enhancing the design of future VR training experiences for solar energy systems design were provided. This research not only advances VR applications in solar energy education but also offers valuable insights for designing effective and engaging training modules using multi-modal sensory input and real-time user engagement analytics.

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“…Limited articles have speculated about the relationship between the sense of embodiment and user attention in VR, but it still lacks supportive evidence in the literature (Tieri et al, 2017;Cui and Mousas, 2021). Users' attention can be analyzed through the recorded eye behaviors data of users in VEs through eye tracking (Batliner et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021;Mousas et al, 2021). Large amounts of participants' eye tracking data will be collected in this study and then classify them using the K-means clustering that group information in an unsupervised way.…”

Section: Sense Of Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the effects of hand design on embodiment in virtual reality

Zhang

Huang

Yang

et al. 2023

AIEDAM

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Understanding user perceptions of interacting with the virtual world is one of the research focuses in recent years, given the rapid proliferation of virtual reality (VR) and driven to establish the metaverse. Users can generate a familiar connection between their bodies and the virtual world by being embodied in virtual hands, and hand representations can induce users’ embodiment in VR. The sense of embodiment represents the cognitive awareness of one's manifestation and includes three subcomponents: the sense of body ownership, agency and self-location. There is insufficient evidence in the literature about the effects of hand designs on the embodiment, especially based on studying its three subcomponents. This study investigates how virtual hand designs with five realism levels influence the three subcomponents of embodiment in VR. This research employs a self-report questionnaire commonly used in the literature to assess embodiment and evaluates agency and self-location by introducing implicit methods (intentional binding and proprioceptive measurement) derived from psychology. Besides, the objective data of eye tracking is used to explore the connection between embodiment and hand designs, and classifying participants’ eye tracking data to help analyze the link between embodiment and user attention. Overall, this research makes a major contribution through a systematic exploration of users’ embodied experience in VR and offers important evidence of the effects of virtual hand designs on body ownership, agency, and self-location, respectively. In addition, this study provides a valuable reference for further investigation of embodiment through implicit and objective methods, and practical design recommendations for virtual hand design in VR applications.

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Prospective on Eye-Tracking-based Studies in Immersive Virtual Reality

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

Eye Movements and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex as User Response in Virtual Reality

Eye Movements and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex as User Response in Virtual Reality

Solar Energy Systems Design Using Immersive Virtual Reality: A Multi-Modal Evaluation Approach

Understanding the effects of hand design on embodiment in virtual reality

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