Prospective memory deficits in illicit polydrug users are associated with the average long-term typical dose of ecstasy typically consumed in a single session.

Gallagher, Denis T.; Hadjiefthyvoulou, Florentia; Fisk, John E.; Montgomery, Catharine; Robinson, Sarita Jane; Judge, Jeannie

doi:10.1037/neu0000004

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Gallagher and colleagues argued that the number of tablets used is a better predictor than the estimated total lifetime use. They showed that the typical ecstasy dose consumed in a single session is an important predictor of prospective memory impairments with higher doses giving rise to greater impairment [ 52 ]. However, when knowing the amount of tablets taken, the exact dose of MDMA is still unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Memory Impairment in Polydrug Ecstasy Users: A Clinical Perspective

et al. 2016

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BackgroundEcstasy use has been associated with short-term and long-term memory deficits on a standard Word Learning Task (WLT). The clinical relevance of this has been debated and is currently unknown. The present study aimed at evaluating the clinical relevance of verbal memory impairment in Ecstasy users. To that end, clinical memory impairment was defined as decrement in memory performance that exceeded the cut-off value of 1.5 times the standard deviation of the average score in the healthy control sample. The primary question was whether being an Ecstasy user (E-user) was predictive of having clinically deficient memory performance compared to a healthy control group.MethodsWLT data were pooled from four experimental MDMA studies that compared memory performance during placebo and MDMA intoxication. Control data were taken from healthy volunteers with no drug use history who completed the WLT as part of a placebo-controlled clinical trial. This resulted in a sample size of 65 E-users and 65 age- and gender-matched healthy drug-naïve controls. All participants were recruited by similar means and were tested at the same testing facilities using identical standard operating procedures. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, Bayes factor, and logistic regressions.ResultsFindings were that verbal memory performance of placebo-treated E-users did not differ from that of controls, and there was substantial evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. History of use was not predictive of memory impairment. During MDMA intoxication of E-users, verbal memory was impaired.ConclusionThe combination of the acute and long-term findings demonstrates that, while clinically relevant memory impairment is present during intoxication, it is absent during abstinence. This suggests that use of Ecstasy/MDMA does not lead to clinically deficient memory performance in the long term. Additionally, it has to be investigated whether the current findings apply to more complex cognitive measures in diverse ‘user categories’ using a combination of genetics, imaging techniques and neuropsychological assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Memory Impairment in Polydrug Ecstasy Users: A Clinical Perspective

et al. 2016

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“…Fifteen distinct tasks were used to assess prospective memory across the included studies (Table 1). These were the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT; Wilson et al 2005), Video-Based Prospective Memory Task (V-B PMT; Titov and Knight 2001), Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST; Raskin et al 2010), belonging subtest of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT; Wilson et al 1985), Six Elements Test (SET; Kliegel et al 2007), Designated Crosses Test (DC; Bedi and Redman 2008b), Virtual Week (VW; Rendell and Craik 2000), Fruit Test (FT; Cuttler et al 2012), Pattern Test (Hadjiefthyvoulou et al 2010), Pattern Recognition Prospective Memory Task (PRPMT; Gallagher et al 2014), Fatigue Time-Based Prospective Memory Test (FTBPT; Gallagher et al 2014), Computerised Shopping Task (CDT; Laloyaux et al 2012), Short-Interval Prospective Memory Task (SIPMT; McHale and Hunt 2008), Jansari-Agnew-Akesson-Murphy Task (JAAMT; Jansari et al 2014) and Prospective Remembering Video Procedure (PRVP; Seed et al 2005). Ratings of ‘established psychometric properties’ were based on previously reported psychometric properties of the tasks (see S4) using a 1–3 scale (1 = measures with acceptable test-retest reliability and concurrent validity; 2 = concurrent validity (objective measures) and questionable or no evidence of test-retest reliability or split-half reliability, and 3 = no evidence of reliability and where concurrent validity was based on self-report measures).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of licit and illicit recreational drugs on prospective memory: a meta-analytic review

et al. 2019

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Rationale There are no recent reports summarising the magnitude of prospective memory (PM) impairments in recreational drug users. Objective We performed a meta-analysis of studies (with a parallel group design) examining PM performance in users of common recreational drugs (including alcohol and tobacco) who were not intoxicated during testing. Studies were also evaluated for the presence of methodological bias. Methods Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis following literature searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Effect sizes (standardised mean difference; SMD) were calculated separately for the effects of alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, methamphetamine and tobacco use. The influences of drug use and study characteristics on effect sizes were explored using meta-regressions. Sources of study bias were also assessed. Results Heavy drinkers and regular drug users tended to perform worse than controls on event and time-based PM tasks. Effect sizes (standardised mean differences; SMDs) for event-based PM impairment across the different drug-using groups/heavy drinkers ranged between − 1.10 and − 0.49, with no 95% CI crossing 0.00. SMDs for time-based PM ranged between − 0.98 and − 0.70. Except for the CIs associated with the ES for smokers’ time-based PM performance, no CIs crossed 0.00. Conclusions Although all drug-using groups showed moderate-large impairments in event and time-based PM, effect sizes had low precision and moderate-high levels of heterogeneity. In addition, several methodological and reporting issues were identified in the majority of studies. As such, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the role of confounds and the magnitude of PM impairments in non-intoxicated recreational drug users. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00213-019-05245-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Multiple testing correction controlling the False Discovery Rate (FDR) was applied in these correlations ( Benjamini and Yekutieli, 2001 ). The FDR was set to 0.10, which implies that the proportion of significant associations which are actually false discoveries is limited no >10%, as in other neuropsychological studies ( Gallagher et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typical asymmetry in the hemispheric activation during an fMRI verbal comprehension paradigm is related to better performance in verbal and non-verbal tasks in patients with epilepsy

Cano‐López

Calvo

Boget

et al. 2018

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Chronic exposure to seizures in patients with left hemisphere (LH) epileptic focus could favor higher activation in the contralateral hemisphere during language processing, but the cognitive effects of this remain unclear. This study assesses the relationship between asymmetry in hemispheric activation during language fMRI and performance in verbal and non-verbal tasks. Whereas prior studies primarily used fMRI paradigms that favor frontal lobe activation and less prominent activation of the medial or superior temporal lobes, we used a verbal comprehension paradigm previously demonstrated to activate reliably receptive language areas. Forty-seven patients with drug-resistant epilepsy candidates for surgery underwent a multidisciplinary assessment, including a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and an fMRI verbal comprehension paradigm. Patients were distributed in two groups depending on laterality indexes (LI): typical hemispheric asymmetry (unilateral left activation preponderance; n = 23) and atypical hemispheric asymmetry (bilateral or unilateral right preponderance; n = 24). Right-handedness and right hemisphere (RH) focus were significant predictors of typical asymmetry. Patients with typical activation pattern presented better performance intelligence quotient and verbal learning than patients with atypical hemispheric asymmetry (for all, p < 0.014). Patients with LH focus had more frequently atypical hemispheric asymmetry than patients with RH focus (p = 0.05). Specifically, they showed lower LI and this was related to worse performance in verbal and non-verbal tasks. In conclusion, an increased activation of homologous RH areas for verbal comprehension processing could imply a competition of cognitive resources in the performance of the same task, disrupting cognitive performance.

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Prospective memory deficits in illicit polydrug users are associated with the average long-term typical dose of ecstasy typically consumed in a single session.

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

Verbal Memory Impairment in Polydrug Ecstasy Users: A Clinical Perspective

Verbal Memory Impairment in Polydrug Ecstasy Users: A Clinical Perspective

The effects of licit and illicit recreational drugs on prospective memory: a meta-analytic review

Typical asymmetry in the hemispheric activation during an fMRI verbal comprehension paradigm is related to better performance in verbal and non-verbal tasks in patients with epilepsy

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