“…Bahçivan, 2014b;Marton, Dall'Alba and Beaty, 1993;Saljö, 1979;Tsai, 2004), via mostly phenomenographic studies, have revealed students'/PTs' conceptions of learning and labeled these conceptions by similar names such as memorizing, increase of knowledge, applying, etc… Certain researchers (e.g. Koballa, Graber, Coleman and Kemp, 2000;Tsai, 2002) have additionally explored preservice/inservice science teachers' conceptions of teaching and found similar categories such as transferring knowledge, interacting, process, etc… A critical analysis of research studies in this topic show that people's conceptions of teaching and learning can be categorized as traditional vs. constructivist in spite of existence of aforementioned labels (Chan and Elliott, 2004).…”