Prospective Evaluation of an Amide-Based Zinc Scaffold as an Anti-Alzheimer Agent: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Computational Studies

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common progressive neurodegenerative mental disorder associated with loss of memory, decline in cognitive function, and dysfunction of language. The prominent pathogenic causes of this disease involve deposition of amyloid-β plaques, acetylcholine neurotransmitter deficiency, and accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles. There are multiple pathways that have been targeted to treat this disease. The inhibition of the intracellular cyclic AMP regulator phosphodiesterase IV causes the increase in CAMP levels that play an important role in the memory formation process. Organometallic chemistry works in a different way in treating pharmacological disorders. In the field of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceuticals, zinc-based amide carboxylates have been shown to be a preferred pharmacophore. The purpose of this research work was to investigate the potential of zinc amide carboxylates in inhibition of phosphodiesterase IV for the Alzheimer’s disease management. Swiss Albino mice under controlled conditions were divided into seven groups with 10 mice each. Group I was injected with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at 1 mL/100 g dose, group II was injected with Streptozotocin (STZ) at 3 mg/kg dose, group III was injected with Piracetam acting as a standard drug at 200 mg/kg dosage, while groups IV–VII were injected with a zinc scaffold at the dose regimen of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection. All groups except group I were injected with Streptozotocin on the first day and third day of treatment at the dose of 3 mg/kg through an intracerebroventricular route to induce Alzheimer’s disease. Afterward, respective treatment was continued for all groups for 23 days. In between the treatment regimen, groups were analyzed for memory and learning improvement through various behavioral tests such as open field, elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, and passive avoidance tests. At the end of the study, different biochemical markers in the brain were estimated like neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline), oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), tau proteins, and amyloid-β levels. A PCR study was also performed. Results showed that the LD 50 of the zinc scaffold is greater than 2000 mg/kg. Research indicated that the zinc scaffold has the potential to improve the memory impairment and learning behavior in Alzheimer’s disease animal models in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose of 80 mg/kg, a maximum response was observed for the zinc scaffold. Maximum reduction in the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was observed at 80 mg/kg dose, which was further strengthened and verified by the PCR study. Oxidative stress was restored by the zinc scaffold due to the significant activation of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. This research ended up with the conclusion that the zinc-based amide carboxylate scaffold has the potential to improve behavioral disturbances and vary the biochemica...

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Anti‐Inflammatory Potential of Amide Coupling Carboxylate Derivatives

“…Similarly rehman et al [15] synthesized pyridine‐based zinc (II) amide carboxylate and explored it for the management of alzheimer′s disease. Likewise W. Waseem et al [28] also explored the amide‐based zinc Scaffold for their in vitro and in‐vivo anti‐alzheimer and anti‐inflammatory potential. Naveed Muhammad et al synthesized metal based carboxylate and explored for their anti‐inflammatory and analgesic potential [29] .…”

“…In overall, two forms of NSAIDs are utilized: COX-2 selective and non-selective. [28] Most NSAIDs are non-select, inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. These NSAIDs increase the risk of bleeding and GI ulcers while also inhibiting platelet aggregation.…”

“…These drugs are well‐known anti‐inflammatory the arbitrators, and they work by reducing prostaglandin formation by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX‐I and COX‐2). In overall, two forms of NSAIDs are utilized: COX‐2 selective and non‐selective [28] . Most NSAIDs are non‐select, inhibiting both COX‐1 and COX‐2 enzymes.…”

Phenolic phytochemistry, in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and mechanistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant evaluations of Habenaria digitata

“…In the current study, we conducted in silico docking investigations using PyRx, connected to AutoDock Vina 1.2.2, to analyze how the synthesized compounds bind with the target site. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds and the reference standard were sketched using ChemDraw 20.0, the most recent software version, and saved in Molfile format ( Waseem et al, 2022 ). After incorporating polar hydrogen atoms, structures were modified, and they were subsequently filed in PDB form using the Discovery Studio Visualizer.…”