Prospective and Retrospective Longitudinal Studies of the Growth, Maturation, and Fitness of Polish Youth Active in Sport

Malina, Robert M.; Woynarowska, Barbara; Bielicki, Tadeusz; Beunen, Gastón; Eweld, D.; Geithner, Christina A.; Huang, Yi‐Ching; Rogers, D. M.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-972711

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Since male athletes as a group tend towards earlier rather than later maturity, the younger group approximates the interval leading up to and including the growth spurt leading up to peak height velocity (PHV), while the older group approximates the interval after PHV for most boys [3]. Mean age at PHV among 25 boys from the Wrocław Growth Study and Wrocław Longitudinal Twin Study who were involved in several individual and team sports was 13.6 ± 0.9 years [11], while mean age at PHV in 21 boys from Warsaw who were involved primarily in track and field, rowing and swimming was 13.1 ± 1.0 years [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Functional Characteristics of Male Athletes 11-15 Years of Age

Malina¹,

Rożek²,

Ignasiak³

et al. 2011

Human Movement

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Purpose. To evaluate the growth and functional characteristics of male athletes 11-15 years of age. basic procedures. The sample included 190 boys, 10.5-15.4 years, undergoing training of sport schools for track and field (136) and other sports (54). Height, weight, three skinfolds and % Fat (NIR) were measured. Grip strength, standing long jump, 2 kg medicine ball throw and 20 m sprint were tested. Track and field athletes were compared by discipline and to athletes in other sports using MANCOVA (multivariate analysis of covariance). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the relative contributions of age, body size and adiposity to the four functional indicators in two age groups, those 11-13 years and 14-15 years. main findings. All variables except the standing long jump and 20 m sprint differed significantly by track and field discipline. Only height and ball throw differed among athletes in other sports. Track and field athletes had a significantly lower BMI and % Fat and performed better in the jump and sprint than athletes in other sports. Variance explained in each of the functional indicators was greater in younger than in older athletes. The sum of skinfolds and % Fat exerted a negative influence on all functional indicators. Conclusions. Trends in body size of male athletes attending sport schools were consistent with observations for youth male athletes in several sports. Height, weight and adiposity accounted for significant portions of variation in the four functional indicators in each age group, but the explained variance was higher in younger athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Functional Characteristics of Male Athletes 11-15 Years of Age

Malina¹,

Rożek²,

Ignasiak³

et al. 2011

Human Movement

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“…The older group approximates late adolescence in girls as most have likely experienced peak height velocity (PHV) and were post-menarcheal (only 11 of 101 had not attained menarche). Mean ages at PHV among Polish girls regularly active in sport were 12.3 ± 0.8 years in 13 girls from the Wrocław Growth Study and Wrocław Longitudinal Twin Study [10] and 12.0 ± 0.8 years in 23 girls from Warsaw sport schools [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Maturity and Functional Characteristics of Female Athletes 11 - 15 Years of Age

Malina¹,

Ignasiak²,

Rożek³

et al. 2011

Human Movement

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objective. To evaluate the growth, maturity and functional characteristics of female sport school participants 11 -15 years of age. Material and methods. The sample included 200 girls aged from 10.55 to 15.42 years. The majority (173) trained in track and field. Height, weight, three skin folds and % Fat (NIR) were measured. Grip strength, standing long jump, 2 kg medicine ball throw and 20 m sprint were tested. Athletes were compared by menarcheal status and track and field discipline with MANCOVA. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the rela tive contributions of age, height, weight and adiposity to the four functional indicators in two age groups, 11 -13 years and 14 -15 years. Results. Median age at menarche was 12.99 ± 1.11 years. None of the functional tests differed between pre-and post-menarcheal athletes 13 years, while only grip strength differed between late and early maturing athletes 14 -15 years. Height, weight and % Fat, but no performance items differed among track and field athletes by discipline. Team and individual sport athletes were heavier, fatter and stronger than track and field athletes but the latter performed better in the sprint and jump. Height, weight and adiposity accounted for significant portions of variation in the four functional indicators in each age group. conclusions. Trends in body size of female athletes attending sport schools were gene rally consistent with observations for female athletes in several sports. Percentages of variance explained in functional indicators were greater in athletes 11 -13 than 14 -15 years of age.

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“…In addition, the correlation between the additive genetic effects on age at menarche and body mass index (weight/height 2 ) was 0.57, indicating a substantial proportion of genetic effects. The limited longitudinal data for girls participating in sports compared with non-athletic girls indicated no effect of training on either the timing or the progress of secondary sexual characteristics, including breast and pubic hair development [22] .…”

Section: Onset Of Puberty In Female Athletesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Puberty and Athletic Sports in Female Adolescents

Klentrou¹

2006

Ann Nestlé [Engl]

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The increasing involvement of young children in intense physical training over the past several decades has generated concerns as to its potential effects on children’s growth and maturation. Puberty in humans is characterized by large hormonal changes resulting in both physical and sexual maturation. Since intense training prior to puberty, together with the potential metabolic effects of dieting, can alter hypothalamic-pituitary function, the time at which athletic training is initiated has been implicated as a factor in delayed menarche and sexual maturation in female athletes. On the other hand, some studies have suggested that delayed menarche is likely due to genetic factors. Girls who mature later often self-select or are recruited by coaches into sports that favor small or very lean bodies. Body composition has also been used to explain both delayed menarche and menstrual irregularities observed among elite athletes. A higher prevalence of menstrual dysfunction has been reported for adolescent athletes participating in weight-dependent sports as compared to that observed in other sports. However, as recently suggested, there is no direct cause-effect association between fatness and reproduction and, in actual fact, energy availability, and not body fat, regulates reproductive function in females. More research is warranted to further investigate this interaction between short-term changes in fuel availability and athletic amenorrhea in female adolescents. It is concluded that, given the many factors that have been shown to influence menarche and menstruation, the role played by physical training alone as a causative factor in the later onset of puberty and menstrual irregularities in active young females is still unclear. Research involving longitudinally designed studies is required to identify whether the maturity differences observed between female athletes and non-athletes are the result of nature or nurture, and what the balance between the two factors is.

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Prospective and Retrospective Longitudinal Studies of the Growth, Maturation, and Fitness of Polish Youth Active in Sport

Cited by 34 publications

References 4 publications

Growth and Functional Characteristics of Male Athletes 11-15 Years of Age

Growth and Functional Characteristics of Male Athletes 11-15 Years of Age

Growth, Maturity and Functional Characteristics of Female Athletes 11 - 15 Years of Age

Puberty and Athletic Sports in Female Adolescents

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