Propylene Polymerization in Packed Reactor - Liquid Phosphoric Acid Catalyst

Butene Oligomerization by Phosphoric Acid Catalysis: Separating the Effects of Temperature and Catalyst Hydration on Product Selectivity

“…The most active phosphoric acid species is therefore P2 (pyrophosphoric acid) . The activity of phosphoric acid, as measured by the rate of oligomerization, increases with a decrease in hydration , and can be related to the increase in P2 (Table ). The preferential oligomerization of 1-butene through its low-temperature skeletal isomerization pathway does not require strong acidity.…”

“…The active phase is actually a mixture of phosphoric acid species that are dependent on the catalyst hydration state. − Catalyst hydration and temperature are linked, because the hydration state is determined by the vapor−liquid equilibrium between the phosphoric acid in the catalyst and the water in the feed. − Catalyst hydration state influences not only catalyst activity, but also the selectivity for reactions such as the oligomerization of olefins and the alkylation of aromatics with olefins. − Unfortunately, temperature and hydration effects were not separated in previous studies, because the interrelationship between these variables led most researchers to only look at the combined effect. A notable exception is the work by Bethea and Karchmer, who controlled temperature and acid concentration independently during their study of propene oligomerization over liquid phosphoric acid. From their work it is clear that the influence of temperature changed with acid concentration and that the reaction was especially sensitive to temperature changes at 103% H 3 PO 4 concentration, while being less sensitive at 98% and 109% H 3 PO 4 , respectively.…”

One-pot production of hydrocarbon oil from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)

“…It should be pointed out that propylene can also be converted into hydrocarbon products with phosphoric acid catalysts. 24,[40][41][42] Further investigation is needed on the reaction mechanism, especially on what happens aer crotonic acid is formed from PHB degradation.…”

“…Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) is usually considered as an indecomposable, non-volatile, non-oxidizing, mild acid, and has been used as a catalyst or solvent in many applications. [22][23][24][25][26] In this work, we used H 3 PO 4 solution in one-pot conversion of PHB into liquid hydrocarbon oil. It is rst time demonstrated that a high oil yield is achieved at relatively low temperatures (165 to 240 C) in the absence of hydrogen.…”

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

“…In the study by Bethea and Karchmer, the effect of temperature and hydration was decoupled for the OLI of propene. 63 In an analogous study by de Klerk et al, the effects of temperature and hydration were decoupled to investigate the relative contribution of each on the quality of the product for butene OLI ( Figure 5.6). 64 Thus, Figure 5.6 confirms that the degree of branching in the OLI product is a strong function of temperature, with low temperature favouring increased branching.…”