Propylene Glycol Pharmacokinetics and Effects after Intravenous Infusion in Humans

Relationship of continuous infusion lorazepam to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults*

“…Our correlation with HD-LZ and lack of correlation with cumulative lorazepam may be partially explained by the metabolism of PG. PG displays nonlinear pharmacokinetics with capacity-limited metabolism in healthy volunteers (26,27). Approximately 12-45% of PG is excreted unchanged in the urine, and the remainder is metabolized by the liver to pyruvic acid and lactic acid.…”

The propylene glycol research project to illustrate the feasibility and difficulties to study toxicokinetics in neonates

“…Other side effects such as hemolysis, mental status changes or renal toxicity (e.g. renal tubular acidosis, acute tubular necrosis resulting in increased serum creatinine and oliguria) have been reported as manifestations of PG accumulation and toxicity (Speth et al, 1987;Wilson et al, 2005;Zar et al, 2007).…”

“…About 45% is eliminated by renal route, 55% undergoes hepatic metabolisation through lactate and pyruvate (Speth et al, 1987). Consequently, patients with alterations in hepatic and/or renal elimination capacity are at increased risk for PG accumulation and subsequent metabolic and/or clinical symptoms.…”

Determination of Propylene Glycol in Low Volume Plasma and Urine Samples of Neonates by LC with Photodiode Array Detection

“…Considering maturational aspects and immature renal function in neonates, PG renal elimination capacity was significantly lower if compared with data available in adults (7.02 vs. 45%) [29]. At least, the combined analysis of plasma and To the best of our knowledge, the most important advantages of our methodology compared to already available methods are lower LLOQ and cleaner chromatograms.…”