Propulsive and gliding phases in four cross-country skiing techniques

Bilodeau, B.; Boulay, M. R.; Roy, Benoit

doi:10.1249/00005768-199208000-00014

Cited by 57 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…However, they estimated average and not instantaneous values of frictional forces over the skiing cycle and did not take into account the fact that during some phases a higher than average force could be exerted with a small or no ski displacement, yielding a low or null contribution to frictional work. Moreover, they did not take into account the existence of a swing phase in which the ski moves but is not in contact with the ground, (Bilodeau et al, 1992;Nilsson et al, 2004;Stöggl et al, 2008) so that part of the ski cycle is not subjected to frictional forces. We demonstrated in our investigation that, whereas for DP the skis are never lifted from the ground (thus the whole distance is covered by rolling on skis), only 41% of total distance traveled for DS and 83% for DK is covered by rolling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classical cross-country skiing can be performed by using three main techniques: diagonal stride, double poling and double poling with kick (Smith, 1992;Bilodeau et al, 1992). Diagonal stride (DS) is performed by exerting force through the skis and poles; the arms and legs are moved in a coordinated pattern that resembles that of walking or running.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gait models and mechanical energy in three cross-country skiing techniques

Pellegrini

Zoppirolli

Bortolan

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Fluctuations in mechanical energy of the body center of mass (COM) have been widely analyzed when investigating different gaits in human and animal locomotion. We applied this approach to estimate the mechanical work in cross-country skiing and to identify the fundamental mechanisms of this particular form of locomotion. We acquired movements of body segments, skis, poles and plantar pressures for eight skiers while they roller skied on a treadmill at 14 km h −1 and a 2 deg slope using three different techniques (diagonal stride, DS; double poling, DP; double poling with kick, DK). The work associated with kinetic energy (KE) changes of COM was not different between techniques; the work against gravity associated with potential energy (PE) changes was higher for DP than for DK and was lowest for DS. Mechanical work against the external environment was 0.87 J m −1 kg −1 for DS, 0.70 J m −1 kg −1 for DP and 0.79 J m −1 kg −1 for DK. The work done to overcome frictional forces, which is negligible in walking and running, was 17.8%, 32.3% and 24.8% of external mechanical work for DS, DP and DK, respectively. The pendulum-like recovery (R%) between PE and KE was ~45%, 26% and ~9% for DP, DK and DS, respectively, but energy losses by friction are not accounted for in this computation. The pattern of fluctuations of PE and KE indicates that DS can be described as a 'grounded running', where aerial phases are substituted by ski gliding phases, DP can be described as a pendular gait, whereas DK is a combination of both.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait models and mechanical energy in three cross-country skiing techniques

Pellegrini

Zoppirolli

Bortolan

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The interval from pole contact with the ground to separation was taken to be the push phase, and the interval from separation to contact with the ground was taken to be the recovery phase. The deˆnitions of the ski phases were based on the method of Bilodeau et al (1992). The interval from ski contact with the ground to the start of knee joint extension was taken to be the glide phase, and the interval from the start of knee joint extension to separation from the ground was taken to be the kick phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such situations, the V2 skating technique (referred to below as``V2 skating'') is a crucial technique used in situations which determine victory or loss, such as on a ‰at ground where it is easy to increase velocity, andˆnal spurts right before theˆnish line. Therefore, several investigations have previously been focused on velocity and movements during V2 skating (Bilodeau et al, 1992;Millet et al, 1998;Smith, 1992;St äoggl et al, 2008;St äoggl and M äuller, 2009). Smith (1992) measured the reaction force of skis in one cycle of V2 skating and showed that there was a bimodal force component during ski contacted with the ground.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shortening the cycle time is synonymous with increasing the cycle rate. An increase in the cycle rate during V2 skating is closely related to an increase in velocity (Bilodeau et al, 1992;St äoggl and M äuller, 2009); that is, the velocity recorded by Smith (1992) can be regarded as being slower than that recorded by St äoggl et al (2008). Therefore, it is suggested that the diŠerence in the two results (i.e., in the occurrence of a ‰ight phase) is related to the increase in velocity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Relationship between the Occurrence of the Flight Phase and the Increase in Velocity during V2 Skating

Fujita

Ishige

Yoshioka

et al. 2010

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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Two types of proˆles of ski reaction forces during V2 skating have been reported by previous investigations. One of the diŠerences between these two proˆles is in the existence of the``‰ight phase,'' i.e., the phase in between gliding and kicking oŠ, in which the skis ‰oat above the snow while skiing. It has been suggested that the diŠerence is caused by the skating velocity. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether or not there is a relationship between the occurrence of the ‰ight phase and the increase in velocity during V2 skating. Seven elite male cross-country skiers performed two types of trials at diŠerent velocities (high and medium speeds). The high and medium speeds correspond to the competitive pace for a sprint race and a 10-km race, respectively. The kinematics was measured for each trial using two video cameras and a panning direct linear transformation technique. The ‰ight phase was determined by the ski load data obtained from a sensor attached to the ski. No ‰ight phase was conˆrmed during medium-speed skating, but a ‰ight phase was conˆrmed during high-speed skating, indicating the existence of the ‰ight phase is related to an increase in skating velocity. However, the hip-and knee-joint angles and the vertical displacement of the center of mass were not changed by an increase in skating velocity. These results suggested that the ‰ight phase was a small change from the standpoint of kinematics, but it may cause changes in muscle activity since the leg muscle groups experience no ground reaction force.

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Cross‐Country Skiing: Technique, Equipment and Environmental Factors Affecting Performance

Smith¹

2000

Biomechanics in Sport

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Propulsive and gliding phases in four cross-country skiing techniques

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Gait models and mechanical energy in three cross-country skiing techniques

Gait models and mechanical energy in three cross-country skiing techniques

A Relationship between the Occurrence of the Flight Phase and the Increase in Velocity during V2 Skating

Cross‐Country Skiing: Technique, Equipment and Environmental Factors Affecting Performance

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