Propulsion and Power Rapid Response Research and Development (R&D) Support. Delivery Order 0011: Analysis of Synthetic Aviation Fuels

Abstract

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) AFRL/RZPF SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2011-2084 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESReport contains color. PA Case Number: 88ABW-2011-3415; Clearance Date: 14 Jun 2011. ABSTRACTThe overall aim of this effort was to provide fit-for-purpose testing and subject matter expertise to UTC and AFRL to support the evaluation of emerging synthetic aviation fuels. The report contains information on the evaluations of various synthetic aviation fuels including: Sasol IPK, R-8 HRJ SPK, R-8x HRJ SPK, Boeing Flight Fuels, Camelina HRJ SPK, Camelina/JP-8 (HRJ8), R-8/Jet A, Tallow HRJ SPK and Tallow/JP-8 (HRJ8). In addition, miscellaneous analyses including dielectric constants of the synthetic aviation fuels, lubricity, Ignition Quality Tests (IQT), JP-8+100 fuel/water separation tests (SAE J1488) and existent gums are reported. It is concluded that the testing performed to date provides strong evidence that blends composed of 50% synthetic aviation fuel (FT IPK and HRJ SPK) and 50% petroleum-based fuel will be more than adequate as drop-in replacements for current petroleum-based fuels. SUBJECT TERMSalternative fuels, synthetic aviation fuel, Fischer-Tropsch fuel (FT), fuel certification, hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ), iso-paraffinic kerosene (IPK), synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) List of FiguresFigure Page 1 List of TablesApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. Executive SummaryThe overall aim of this effort was to provide fit-for-purpose testing and subject matter expertise to UTC and AFRL to support the evaluation of emerging synthetic aviation fuels. This report contains information on the evaluation of various synthetic aviation fuels including: Sasol IPK, R-8 HRJ SPK, R-8x HRJ SPK, Boeing Flight Fuels, Camelina HRJ SPK, Camelina/JP-8 (HRJ8), R-8/Jet A, Tallow HRJ SPK and Tallow/JP-8 (HRJ8). In addition to standardized testing, detailed studies were carried out in the following areas: dielectric constants, lubricity, ignition quality, fuel/water separation, and ...

Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics of alternative jet fuels

“…2d further plots the IQT-DCN results for S-8/JP-8 and Shell GTL/JP-8 blends reported in Ref. [30], demonstrating the similar linear trend as the current FIT measurements.…”

“…Table 2 also lists the IQT-DCN values and the engine CN values of some jet fuels taken from Ref. [30]. It is seen that the IQT, FIT, and engine cetane ratings seem to be displaced from each other a few cetane numbers.…”

Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures

“…The DCN of the CHRJ fuel is notably higher than the DCN described for JP-8 (45.2-46.7), and it is similar to the DCN of S-8 (58.7), an F-T synthetic jet fuel that has been tested in the literature [25]. To our knowledge, no DCN data have been reported for THRJ fuel, although a DCN of 49.82 has been reported for a 50/50 blend of JP-8/THRJ fuel [26]. The same report noted a DCN of 49.22 for a 50/50 blend of JP-8/CHRJ fuel, which may seem to suggest a modest difference between the fuels.…”

Density and Speed of Sound Measurements of Four Bioderived Aviation Fuels

“…The C-HRJ ambient-pressure density data of Bessee et al 15 agree with our extrapolated data within experimental uncertainty, but for BIO-SPK that is not the case. The BIO-SPK data of Bessee et al 15 are consistently higher than either of our data sets. To make the present results immediately usable for engineering and design purposes, the compressed-liquid density data were correlated with a Tait equation similar to that of Dymond and Malhotra.…”

“…Two sources of such data were found for samples of BIO-SPK and C-HRJ. 14,15 The samples studied in refs 14 and 15 were from the same batches as samples used in this work. Those data are included in Figure 2 but were not used in the correlations.…”