Proprioception in Extraocular Muscles

Weir, Clifford R.

doi:10.1097/01.wno.0000223272.86565.74

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It was broadly accepted that this type of central monitoring of the outflow innervation was the only extraretinal source of eye position information. 11,12 Proprioception from the extraocular muscles was considered unnecessary due to the presence of the highly efficient exteroceptor in the retina. 10 Recently, evidence of a non-visual afferent feedback system, assumed to arise from extraocular muscle proprioceptors, has proved the inflow theory.…”

Section: Proprioceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Paduca¹,

Bruenech²

2018

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus

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The potential role of sensory feedback from human extraocular muscles has been subjected to considerable speculation in the ophthalmic literature. Extraocular muscles pull against a fairly even load and do not initiate a stretch reflex, even when the eyes are directed toward the boundaries of their respective field of action. These unique working conditions and physiological properties have led to the notion that the sensory signal arising from receptors in extraocular muscles differs from the conventional proprioceptive signal arising from their somatic counterparts. The interest in the receptors at the myotendinous junction of human extraocular muscles has been renewed due to their alleged role in the development of binocular vision and their potential implication in the etiology of binocular vision anomalies. The idea that extraocular muscles provide knowledge of eye position and whether this function can be affected by surgical intervention has initiated several clinical and neuroanatomical studies. Many of these studies support this concept and suggest that surgical procedures that impose only minimal interference with the proprioceptive signal will give a better postoperative result. However, other studies contradict this view because the afferent capacity of the receptors can be questioned and some uncertainties remain. The purpose of this study was to review the related literature and discuss the possible role of ocular proprioceptors in relation to binocular vision and the development of eye motility disorders. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55(1):14-22.].

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Section: Proprioceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Paduca¹,

Bruenech²

2018

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus

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“…[2][3][4][5][6] In adults, EOM afferent signals contribute to locating retinal objects in relation to the body and to the longterm maintenance of ocular alignment (for reviews, see Steinbach, 7 Gauthier et al, 8 Weir, 9 and Donaldson 10 ), whereas during development, they support the emergence of orientation selective columns and binocular stereopsis. 11 It is well established that planned eye movements influence the allocation of attention in space.…”

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confidence: 99%

Extraocular Muscle Afferent Signals Modulate Visual Attention

Balslev

Newman

Knox

2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Extraocular muscle afferent signals contribute to oculomotor control and visual localization. Prompted by the close links between the oculomotor and attention systems, it was investigated whether these proprioceptive signals also modulated the allocation of attention in space. METHODS.A suction sclera contact lens was used to impose an eye rotation on the nonviewing, dominant eye. With their viewing, nondominant eye, participants (n ¼ 4) fixated centrally and detected targets presented at 58 in the left or right visual hemifield. The position of the viewing eye was monitored throughout the experiment. As a control, visual localization was tested using finger pointing without visual feedback of the hand, whereas the nonviewing eye remained deviated. RESULTS.The sustained passive rotation of the occluded, dominant eye, while the other eye maintained central fixation, resulted in a lateralized change in the detectability of visual targets. In all participants, the advantage in speed and accuracy for detecting right versus left hemifield targets that occurred during a sustained rightward eye rotation of the dominant eye was reduced or reversed by a leftward eye rotation. The control experiment confirmed that the eye deviation procedure caused pointing errors consistent with an approximately 28 shift in perceived eye position, in the direction of rotation of the nonviewing eye. CONCLUSIONS.With the caveat of the small number of participants, these results suggest that extraocular muscle afferent signals modulate the deployment of attention in visual space. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7004-7009)

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“…Extraretinal signals have two possible sources: (a) proprioceptive signals from the extraocular (EOM) muscles and (b) corollary discharge signals from the motor command center. The importance of each type of extraretinal signal is debated, but both are thought to contribute to normal perception (Balslev et al, 2012; Donaldson, 2000; Wang & Pan, 2012; Weir, 2006; Weir, Knox & Dutton, 2000); see Donaldson (2000) for a comprehensive review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous recordings of ocular microtremor and microsaccades with a piezoelectric sensor and a video-oculography system

McCamy

Collins

Otero‐Millan

et al. 2013

PeerJ

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Our eyes are in continuous motion. Even when we attempt to fix our gaze, we produce so called “fixational eye movements”, which include microsaccades, drift, and ocular microtremor (OMT). Microsaccades, the largest and fastest type of fixational eye movement, shift the retinal image from several dozen to several hundred photoreceptors and have equivalent physical characteristics to saccades, only on a smaller scale (Martinez-Conde, Otero-Millan & Macknik, 2013). OMT occurs simultaneously with drift and is the smallest of the fixational eye movements (∼1 photoreceptor width, >0.5 arcmin), with dominant frequencies ranging from 70 Hz to 103 Hz (Martinez-Conde, Macknik & Hubel, 2004). Due to OMT’s small amplitude and high frequency, the most accurate and stringent way to record it is the piezoelectric transduction method. Thus, OMT studies are far rarer than those focusing on microsaccades or drift. Here we conducted simultaneous recordings of OMT and microsaccades with a piezoelectric device and a commercial infrared video tracking system. We set out to determine whether OMT could help to restore perceptually faded targets during attempted fixation, and we also wondered whether the piezoelectric sensor could affect the characteristics of microsaccades. Our results showed that microsaccades, but not OMT, counteracted perceptual fading. We moreover found that the piezoelectric sensor affected microsaccades in a complex way, and that the oculomotor system adjusted to the stress brought on by the sensor by adjusting the magnitudes of microsaccades.

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Proprioception in Extraocular Muscles

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Neuroanatomical Structures in Human Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Development of Oculomotor Disorders

Extraocular Muscle Afferent Signals Modulate Visual Attention

Simultaneous recordings of ocular microtremor and microsaccades with a piezoelectric sensor and a video-oculography system

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