Proppants

Insight into thermo-mechanical enhancement of polymer nanocomposites coated microsand proppants for hydraulic fracturing

“…Proppant is a crucial material that helps keep the hydraulic fractures open; which allows the continuous extraction of hydrocarbons from the formations [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Frac sand is the most common type of proppant used in the oil and gas industry [ 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

The Effect of Duration of Amidation of Fatty Acids with Diethanolamine on the Surfactant Properties

“…Recently, an interest in ethanolamides of FA containing 16-22 carbon atoms has been enlarged. Such products are oil-soluble, possess low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values (2-3 units) and, thus, are considered effective emulsifiers of water-inoil emulsions that are widely used, for example, in oil and gas production (Bondarenko et al, 2015;Fink, 2013;Ibragimov et al, 2017;Mardashov and Rogachev, 2014;Minaev et al, 2014;Rogachev et al, 2011). The main methods to prepare ethanolamides comprise aminolysis of FA esters, including triacylglycerols (TAG) and ethanolamines (Adewuyi, 2014;Adewuyi et al, 2012;De Almeida et al, 2013;Kumar et al, 2015Kumar et al, , 2016Wang et al, 2016), and direct FA amidation with ethanolamines (Boshui et al, 2013;Dardir et al, 2014;Lokhande et al, 2013;Mäki-Arvela et al, 2016;Yanovsky et al, 2013).…”