“…For instance, electron density outside the cavity can be influenced by the pressure, magnetic field and electrode gap [28,38,40]. Furthermore, the shape, depth and diameter of the hollow electrode can also affect the magnitude of electron density outside the cavity [22,26,36]. However, the effect of these factors on the magnitude of electron density outside the cavity is not clear, which is important for the design of hollow electrodes and the modification of discharge conditions to improve plasma properties.…”