Proposing an International Standard Accident Number for Interconnecting Information and Communication Technology Systems of the Rescue Chain

Abstract

Background The rapid dissemination of smart devices within the internet of things (IoT) is developing toward automatic emergency alerts which are transmitted from machine to machine without human interaction. However, apart from individual projects concentrating on single types of accidents, there is no general methodology of connecting the standalone information and communication technology (ICT) systems involved in an accident: systems for alerting (e.g., smart home/car/wearable), systems in the responding stage (e.g., ambulance), and in the curing stage (e.g., hospital). Objectives We define the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN) as a unique token for interconnecting these ICT systems and to provide embedded data describing the circumstances of an accident (time, position, and identifier of the alerting system). Materials and Methods Based on the characteristics of processes and ICT systems in emergency care, we derive technological, syntactic, and semantic requirements for the ISAN, and we analyze existing standards to be incorporated in the ISAN specification. Results We choose a set of formats for describing the embedded data and give rules for their combination to generate an ISAN. It is a compact alphanumeric representation that is generated easily by the alerting system. We demonstrate generation, conversion, analysis, and visualization via representational state transfer (REST) services. Although ISAN targets machine-to-machine communication, we give examples of graphical user interfaces. Conclusion Created either locally by the alerting IoT system or remotely using our RESTful service, the ISAN is a simple and flexible token that enables technological, syntactic, and semantic interoperability between all ICT systems in emergency care.

Medical informatics and digital health multilingual ontology (MIMO): A tool to improve international collaborations

“…The next scheduled steps of the MIMO consist in: Developing a community of volunteer domain experts in the different fields of medical informatics and digital health having multilingual capabilities for expanding both the translations of the existing terms and developing a cross-translators (humans and AI-based systems) validation process; Expanding MIMO to other non-European languages, such as Arabic, Chinese, and Russian, as part of the UN official languages in addition to English, French, and Spanish [50] ; Developing tools allowing to capture existing translations in open data resources and so expanding MIMO to other languages supported by multilingual collaborative communities [43] ; Adding vocabularies of trending or emerging fields in medical informatics and digital health, such as “One Digital Health” [51] , “Accident and Emergency Informatics” [52] , robotics in healthcare systems and industry [53] ; Moving MIMO to a complete multilingual ontology to facilitate its maintenance and expansion to support efficient international health technologies-related projects [54] . …”

“…Adding vocabularies of trending or emerging fields in medical informatics and digital health, such as “One Digital Health” [51] , “Accident and Emergency Informatics” [52] , robotics in healthcare systems and industry [53] ;…”

Accident & Emergency Informatics and One Digital Health

“…We have proposed the ISAN, which is composed of the time and location of an event and a unique identifier (ID). Therefore, it represents a unique identifier that can be used to securely link the data in alerting, responding, and curing systems [41].…”

“…The data linkage, depending on the aim of acquisition, may take place at any level of data abstraction. Thus, we have suggested the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN) to uniquely and securely link the corresponding data from different data sources [41].…”

“…Our implementation of the ISAN platform boosts intercommunication, the exchange of information, and services. We expect the healthcare sectors, stakeholders, emergency centers, and policymakers to accept the concept [41,44]. ISAN will contribute to public health in three stages: a Short-term: we integrate, test, and use the ISAN in the city of Brunswick.…”