Proposal to reclassify Ehrlichia muris as Ehrlichia muris subsp. muris subsp. nov. and description of Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis subsp. nov., a newly recognized tick-borne pathogen of humans

Pritt, Bobbi S.; Allerdice, Michelle E. J.; Sloan, Lynne M.; Paddock, Christopher D.; Munderloh, Ulrike G.; Rikihisa, Yasuko; Tajima, Tomoko; Paskewitz, Susan M.; Neitzel, David F.; Johnson, Diep K. Hoang; Schiffman, Elizabeth; Davis, Jeffrey P.; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Nelson, Curtis M.; Karpathy, Sandor E.

doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001896

Cited by 67 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In 2011, a novel obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, found in I. scapularis from Minnesota and Wisconsin and later described as E. muris eauclarensis [64], was recognized to cause ehrlichiosis in humans [65]. I. scapularis was demonstrated experimentally to be a vector of E. muris eauclarensis [20,66], supporting earlier reports of natural infection in I. scapularis from Minnesota and Wisconsin [65,67,68].…”

Section: The Number Of Recognized Human Disease Agents Transmitted Bymentioning

confidence: 67%

The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis : An Increasing Public Health Concern

Eisen

2018

Trends in Parasitology

282

202

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In the United States, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, is a vector of seven human pathogens, including those causing Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Borrelia miyamotoi disease, Powassan virus disease, and ehrlichiosis associated with Ehrlichia muris eauclarensis. In addition to an accelerated rate of discovery of I. scapularis-borne pathogens over the past two decades, the geographic range of the tick, and incidence and range of I. scapularis-borne disease cases, have increased. Despite knowledge of when and where humans are most at risk of exposure to infected ticks, control of I. scapularis-borne diseases remains a challenge. Human vaccines are not available, and we lack solid evidence for other prevention and control methods to reduce human disease. The way forward is discussed.

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Section: The Number Of Recognized Human Disease Agents Transmitted Bymentioning

confidence: 67%

The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis : An Increasing Public Health Concern

Eisen

2018

Trends in Parasitology

282

202

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“…Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted when the tick injects this bacterial spirochete into the host during the bite event, beginning between 24 and 36 h after the tick attaches to its host [5]. Ixodes scapularis is also the vector for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes anaplasmosis in humans and dogs, Ehrlichia spp., causing ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, and Babesia microti, which cause babesiosis in humans [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the speed of kill of a novel orally administered combination product containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced infestations of Ixodes scapularis on dogs

et al. 2020

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Background: The black-legged (or deer) tick, Ixodes scapularis, commonly infests dogs in the USA and is the vector of important zoonotic pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Rapid onset of activity is important in reducing the feeding activity of ticks, thereby reducing the possibility of transmission of infections. The speed of kill of a novel oral combination product, Simparica Trio ™ containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel was evaluated in a well-controlled laboratory study against an existing infestation and subsequent weekly induced infestations of I. scapularis ticks on dogs. Methods: Dogs were allocated randomly based on host suitability tick counts to treatment with a single dose of either placebo or Simparica Trio ™ at the minimum label dose of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5 mg/ kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). All dogs were infested with approximately 50 unfed adult I. scapularis ticks at a 1:1 sex ratio on Days −2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Tick counts were conducted at 8, 12 and 24 h after treatment on Day 0 and after each subsequent infestation. Results: No treatment-related adverse events occurred during the study. Dogs in the placebo-treated group maintained adequate tick infestations for the duration of the study. Day 0 tick counts at 8 h after treatment with Simparica Trio ™ were reduced relative to placebo against an existing infestation with efficacy of 67.5%, demonstrating that Simparica Trio ™ started killing ticks soon after treatment. Efficacy was 98.4 % at 12 h and 99.4% at 24 h. Rapid speed of kill was maintained throughout the month, with efficacy of ≥ 94.2% at 24 h after re-infestation through Day 28. Conclusions: A single dose of Simparica Trio ™ administered orally to dogs at the minimum label dose of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt) was safe and began to kill existing I. scapularis ticks within 8 h after treatment and resulted in ≥ 94.2% efficacy within 24 h against re-infestations for a month.

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“…The blacklegged tick, I. scapularis , is the primary vector to humans in the eastern United States of a diverse array of pathogens including: Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii ; a relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia miyamotoi ; other bacterial agents causing anaplasmosis ( Anaplasma phagocytophilum ) and ehrlichiosis ( Ehrlichia muris euclairensis ); a protozoan causing babesiosis ( Babesia microti ); and the deer tick virus lineage of Powassan encephalitis virus (Family: Flaviviridae) (Dolan et al 1997, 2016; Ebel 2010; Johnson et al 2015; Karpathy et al 2016; Krause et al 2015; Piesman and Eisen 2008; Pritt et al 2011, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c; Teglas and Foley 2006). A closely related species, the western blacklegged tick, I. pacificus , is the primary vector to humans in the far western United States of Bo.…”

Section: Blacklegged Ticks (Ixodes Scapularis) and Western Blackleggementioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Zoonoses in the United States: Persistent and Emerging Threats to Human Health

et al. 2017

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In the United States, ticks transmit the greatest diversity of arthropod-borne pathogens and are responsible for the most cases of all vector-borne diseases. In recent decades, the number of reported cases of notifiable tick-borne diseases has steadily increased, geographic distributions of many ticks and tick-borne diseases have expanded, and new tick-borne disease agents have been recognized. In this review, we (1) describe the known disease agents associated with the most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks, (2) review the natural histories of these ticks and their associated pathogens, (3) highlight spatial and temporal changes in vector tick distributions and tick-borne disease occurrence in recent decades, and (4) identify knowledge gaps and barriers to more effective prevention of tick-borne diseases. We describe 12 major tick-borne diseases caused by 15 distinct disease agents that are transmitted by the 8 most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks in the United States. Notably, 40% of these pathogens were described within the last two decades. Our assessment highlights the importance of animal studies to elucidate how tick-borne pathogens are maintained in nature, as well as advances in molecular detection of pathogens which has led to the discovery of several new tick-borne disease agents.

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Proposal to reclassify Ehrlichia muris as Ehrlichia muris subsp. muris subsp. nov. and description of Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis subsp. nov., a newly recognized tick-borne pathogen of humans

Cited by 67 publications

References 35 publications

The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis : An Increasing Public Health Concern

The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis : An Increasing Public Health Concern

Evaluation of the speed of kill of a novel orally administered combination product containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced infestations of Ixodes scapularis on dogs

Tick-Borne Zoonoses in the United States: Persistent and Emerging Threats to Human Health

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