Proposal and Evaluation of BLE Discovery Process Based on New Features of Bluetooth 5.0

Hernández-Solana, Ángela; Perez-Diaz-de-Cerio, David; Valenzuela, Juliana González

doi:10.3390/s17091988

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the duration of all these "blind times" in this case does not depend on the configured Scan_Window and Scan_Interval parameters. Other devices also present these frequency change gaps (depicted in black) but they also introduce other periodic blind times (depicted in red) associated with unknown processes of the manufacturer firmware implementation [3,19].…”

Section: A Characterization Of the Receiver In Scanning Modementioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-cost test measurement setup for real IoT BLE sensor device characterization

2019

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The methodology presented in this paper aims to characterize impairments shown by real devices which are usually neglected on standardized tests but that become very important in massive IoT scenarios. For instance, we have measured that real BLE scanners are not able to scan continuously even though they are configured to do so. Besides, we have also found and demonstrated that some manufacturers seem not to apply any backoff mechanism although it is mandatory. These two unexpected behaviors have a significant impact on the performance of massive wireless sensor networks based on BLE. So, it becomes necessary to characterize these and other impairments. The proposed tests are based on device current consumption measurements and their association with the information obtained from upper layers. We describe a new low-cost generic measurement setup and provide all the necessary data (configuration parameters, scripts, etc.) for applying the proposed methodology. As an example, we use it to profile the behavior of Bluetooth Low Energy devices. Furthermore, the proposed setup can also inspire researchers to characterize other wireless technology devices, like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, etc.

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Section: A Characterization Of the Receiver In Scanning Modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They may also be different when the received frame is demodulated correctly or not. More details can be found in [3,19].…”

Section: B Characterization Of the Receiver During Frame Receptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-cost test measurement setup for real IoT BLE sensor device characterization

2019

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“…The performance of ADV_CHs in large-scale deployments have been studied in [20] and [21]. Unfortunately, these studies did not consider the effect of factors such as noise and path loss.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical analysis and modeling of Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) advertisement channels

Nikoukar

Abboud

Samadi

et al. 2018

2018 17th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net)

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Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a widely-used lowpower wireless standard in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. This standard provides a set of advertisement channels, which are primarily used for device discovery, connection initiation, and information broadcast. Beacon transmission over these advertisement channels is the enabler of applications such as indoor positioning, product advertisement, and medical monitoring. Meanwhile, the performance and accuracy of these applications highly depend on the characteristics of communication over advertisement channels. Unfortunately, the existing literature does not offer an extensive characterization of these channels under various operational conditions. In this paper, we address this research gap through conducting extensive experiments in four different environments. We study the effect of environment and interference on noise floor and signal propagation, and we present a model for noise floor and extract the parameters of lognormal path loss model. The proposed models, in particular, can be directly used in simulation tools for modeling BLE wireless channels as well as applications such as indoor positioning. Index Terms-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Log-Normal Shadowing Model (LNSM), multi-path fading, Bluetooth beacon, channel modeling, simulation.

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“…The second is a modified version of scannable undirected advertisement mode. This option is based on the ability to stop the transmissions using one of the new Bluetooth 5 capabilities that was previously analyzed by the authors [ 12 ]. We also consider that real devices present non-idealities in the scanning process that reduce the discovery capabilities [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Tracking System for Running Race Applications Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Technology

Perez-Diaz-de-Cerio

Hernández-Solana

Valdovinos

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Timing points used in running races and other competition events are generally based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. Athletes’ times are calculated via passive RFID tags and reader kits. Specifically, the reader infrastructure needed is complex and requires the deployment of a mat or ramps which hide the receiver antennae under them. Moreover, with the employed tags, it is not possible to transmit additional and dynamic information such as pulse or oximetry monitoring, alarms, etc. In this paper we present a system based on two low complex schemes allowed in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): the non-connectable undirected advertisement process and a modified version of scannable undirected advertisement process using the new capabilities present in Bluetooth 5. After fully describing the system architecture, which allows full real-time position monitoring of the runners using mobile phones on the organizer side and BLE sensors on the participants’ side, we derive the mobility patterns of runners and capacity requirements, which are determinant for evaluating the performance of the proposed system. They have been obtained from the analysis of the real data measured in the last Barcelona Marathon. By means of simulations, we demonstrate that, even under disadvantageous conditions (50% error ratio), both schemes perform reliably and are able to detect the 100% of the participants in all the cases. The cell coverage of the system needs to be adjusted when non-connectable process is considered. Nevertheless, through simulation and experimental, we show that the proposed scheme based on the new events available in Bluetooth 5 is clearly the best implementation alternative for all the cases, no matter the coverage area and the runner speed. The proposal widely exceeds the detection requirements of the real scenario, surpassing the measured peaks of 20 sensors per second incoming in the coverage area, moving at speeds that range from 1.5 m/s to 6.25 m/s. The designed real test-bed shows that the scheme is able to detect 72 sensors below 600 ms, fulfilling comfortably the requirements determined for the intended application. The main disadvantage of this system would be that the sensors are active, but we have proved that its consumption can be so low (9.5 µA) that, with a typical button cell, the sensor battery life would be over 10,000 h of use.

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Proposal and Evaluation of BLE Discovery Process Based on New Features of Bluetooth 5.0

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Low-cost test measurement setup for real IoT BLE sensor device characterization

Low-cost test measurement setup for real IoT BLE sensor device characterization

Empirical analysis and modeling of Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) advertisement channels

A Low-Cost Tracking System for Running Race Applications Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Technology

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