Proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11y: the Shenzhen elementary school eye study

Jiang, Xiaowei; Lǚ, Yingying; Han, Xiao; Tan, Qian; Wu, Jang‐Yen

doi:10.18240/ijo.2020.12.21

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…No significant difference between the myopia risk groups for AXL (F 1,95 = 0.05, p = 0.83; HR: 22.80 ± 0.64 mm; LR: 22.77 ± 0.67 mm), PVD (F 1,91 = 1.44, p = 0.23; HR: 15.89 ± 0.95 mm; LR: 15.67 ± 0.83 mm) and AXL/CR (F 1,950 = 1.80, p = 0.84; HR: 2.96 ± 0.01; LR: 2.94 ± 0.01) was observed when all subjects were included. As expected, male eyes were significantly longer than female eyes (t = 3.12, p < 0.01; females: 22.60 ± 0.66 mm; males: 23.00 ± 0.59 mm), 49,64,[74][75][76][77][78] and when subjects were divided by sex, AXL was longer in the HR compared with the LR group (F 2,94 = 4.89, p = 0.01; estimated corrected means HR: 22.81 ± 0.09 mm; LR: 22.77 ± 0.09 mm).…”

Section: R Esultssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…38,85,87 Nevertheless, LT decreased significantly with age in children between 6 and 9 years, as previously reported. 38,49,88 The differences found with prior studies may also be driven by age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…AXL is expected to naturally increase with age, but when it increases excessively, the optical components are no longer able to compensate and myopia develops. 44,45,49,86,94,95 Previous studies have suggested that AXL/CR is the biometric measure that most accurately predicts M, but recent studies in China have shown that this metric is still not accurate enough to be used as a sole predictor. 77,93 It appears that the main individual ocular parameter that develops differently in children at HR compared with children at LR of myopia is PVD, and the main metric that predicts the risk of myopia is the AXL/CR ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to determine the risk of myopia at these young ages when behavioural changes and myopia prevention treatments may be particularly significant. 48,49…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Vera-Díaz

Jnawali

Panorgias

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Myopia is a major public health concern precipitated by its increasing prevalence worldwide 1-7 and the associated risk of potentially blinding conditions. [8][9][10][11][12] Projections indicate that by the year 2050, over half of the world's population will have myopia, with 10% of those having high myopia. 13 Individuals with myopia, even low to moderate myopia, are at higher risk for a number of ocular pathologies, including myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment and certain types of cataract. 14,15 Furthermore, the increasingly earlier onset of myopia in children with consequent higher progression rates is generating an epidemic of potentially blinding, high myopia. For all these reasons, there is an urgent need to prevent myopia development and its progression.

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Section: R Esultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to determine the risk of myopia at these young ages when behavioural changes and myopia prevention treatments may be particularly significant. 48,49…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Vera-Díaz

Jnawali

Panorgias

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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show abstract

“…Table 1 describes the change characteristics of ocular biological parameters in different sexes. Previous researches showed that the rate of myopic shift in refraction increases as myopia develops, but it usually increased before children aged ≤ 17 years, and the major determinant of the rate of progression was age, with little dependence on the level of myopia [ 16 – 19 ]. The present study found that the myopic participants showed a significantly faster change in △AL towards myopia than emmetropic participants at baseline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development pattern of ocular biometric parameters and refractive error in young Chinese adults: a longitudinal study of first-year university students

et al. 2022

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Background The increase in the prevalence of myopia has become a matter of serious public health concern, and few studies to date have examined the ocular biometric parameters of myopia in young Chinese adults. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal ocular biometric and refractive development of first-year university students and the influence of near work. Methods This study included 526 first-year university students from Tianjin Medical University (mean age, 18.34 years; 313 females and 213 males). From 2016 to 2018, participants underwent ocular biometry measurements and subjective refraction annually. Near-work activities such as the use of electronic devices, online games, reading, and writing as well as demographic data were recorded by questionnaires. Results The prevalence of myopia in this population from 2016 to 2018 was 92.40%, 92.59%, and 92.97%, respectively. Importantly, the prevalence of high myopia increased significantly from 20.91% to 28.33% (P < .001). The spherical equivalent refraction was significantly more myopic by approximately − 0.38 D (from − 4.18 ± 2.44 to − 4.56 ± 2.57 D; P < .001) during the period. The axial length, central corneal thickness, and lens thickness became significantly different (all P < .05), and the axial length significantly increased by 0.12 mm during 2 years (P < .001). Using binary logistic regression analysis, the data indicated that spending more time on online games (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.33–3.29) could speed up the progression of myopia (P < .05). Conclusions This study showed that the prevalence of high myopia continued to increase in undergraduate students over 2 years. Baseline myopia correlated with myopic shift, the time spent on online games, and parental myopia were significantly associated with an increase in myopia in these young adult populations.

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Refractive and corneal astigmatism in Chinese 4–15 years old children: prevalence and risk factors

Zhang,

Zeng,

et al. 2023

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of refractive astigmatism (RA) and corneal astigmatism (CA) in preschool children and school-aged children in Shanghai, China. Methods In this school-based, cross-sectional study, 4–15 years old children across three learning stages of kindergarten, primary school, and junior high school underwent noncycloplegic autorefraction and completed comprehensive questionnaires involving time spent on daily homework and outdoor activities. Data from the right eyes were analysed. Results Overall, 7084 children (mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age: 8.08 ± 3.11 years) were included, and the prevalence rates of RA/CA ( ≤ − 1.0 D) in children were 15.8%/64% in kindergartens, 16.5%/65% in primary schools, and 32.8%/76.9% in junior high schools. The magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA all increased with age or with learning stage (all P < 0.001). The presence of RA was associated with more myopic spherical power (odds ratio (OR) 0.956, P = 0.021), junior high school (OR 1.973, P < 0.001), longer homework time on weekdays (OR 1.074, P = 0.029), and shorter outdoor activity time on weekends (odds ratio 0.929, P = 0.013). Conclusion In the wide age range of 4 to 15 years, the magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA increased with the learning stage, and these increases mainly began at the primary school stage. Factors, including longer homework time and shorter outdoor time were correlated with the presence of RA.

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Proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11y: the Shenzhen elementary school eye study

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

Development pattern of ocular biometric parameters and refractive error in young Chinese adults: a longitudinal study of first-year university students

Refractive and corneal astigmatism in Chinese 4–15 years old children: prevalence and risk factors

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