Propolis extract and oregano essential oil as biofungicides for garlic seed cloves: in vitro assays and synergistic interaction against Penicillium allii

Abstract

Aims This study aimed to evaluate in vitro individual and combined antifungal activity of propolis extract (PE) and oregano essential oil (OEO) against Penicillium allii, causal agent of blue mould disease. The chemical characterization of both products was also included. Methods and Results Chromatographic analysis of PE and OEO confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds. The antifungal susceptibility assays showed that PE and OEO were highly active against the mycelial growth and conidial germination of P. allii. PE and OEO MICs were 12·5 and 1·5 μl ml−1, respectively. The MFCs of these products were 50 and 3·1 μl ml−1, respectively. PE acted mainly through diffusion, while OEO acted by a mixed contribution of vapour and diffusion. Synergism and additive effect between both products were found in some combination ratios. Conclusion PE and OEO, both natural products with different chemical composition, have a strong antifungal activity against P. allii and show a favourable interaction causing synergism. Significance and Impact of the Study The results of this study indicated the potential use of PE combined with OEO as a non‐conventional strategy towards the formulation of a biofungicide to control blue mould disease in garlic seed‐cloves.

Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends

“…Different concentrations can be used to determine the potency of the antifungal effect by measuring certain indices, such as half maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) [ 76 ], the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), or the half inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of the extract/essential oil [ 30 , 95 ]. Variations of the agar dilution method have been successfully employed to test the antifungal capacity of various extracts against plant pathogenic fungi, such as Verticillium dahliae in olives [ 71 ]; Zymoseptoria tritici in wheat [ 30 , 95 ]; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [ 76 ], Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria solani , and Pythium ultimum in tomato [ 106 , 117 ]; and Botrytis cinerea [ 116 ], Penicillium allii [ 111 ], Stemphylium vesicarium [ 99 ], and Geotrichum candidum var. citri-aurantii in decayed mandarin fruit [ 54 ].…”

“…Lamiaceae Thymus leucotrichus Halácsy [30] Penicillium allii Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. [111] Phoma exigua…”

Phytosanitary problems in elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. holmense) in the “Val di Chiana” area (Central Italy), and evaluation of potential control strategies

“…To date, while reports are available on treatments to control Fusarium (Dugan et al, 2007;Palmero Llamas et al, 2013;Gálvez et al, 2017b;Mondani et al, 2021b;2021c; and Penicillium (Greathead, 1978;Bogo, 1997;Johnson, 2013;Ciabanal et al, 2021) in common garlic, no strategies have been tested or developed to control these pathogens on elephant garlic cloves.…”

Categorização De Unidades Hidrológicas Por Município

“…Er (2021), em seu estudo examinou uma mistura dos isolados de Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria brassicicola, Verticillium dahliae e Pythium ultimum para determinar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de própolis à base de água e álcool em diferentes concentrações de acordo com os ensaios in vitro (métodos de difusão em disco e difusão em poços) e in vivo (sementes, foliar e sementes + tratamentos foliares). Os resultados verificaram que os extratos de própolis apresentam alta capacidade, sendo uma alternativa promissora e ecologicamente correta contra diversos fitopatógenos, para minimizar o uso de pesticidas químicos Cibanal et al (2021),. testou a atividade antimicrobiana de quatro concentrações de extratos hidroalcoólicos da própolis e da geoprópolis de Scaptotrigona jujuyensis in vitro contra cinco bactérias patogênicas do tomate (Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas corrugata e Pseudomonas mediterrânea).…”