Properties, performance and associated hazards of state-of-the-art durable water repellent (DWR) chemistry for textile finishing

Holmquist, Hanna; Schellenberger, Steffen; Veen, I. van der; Peters, Gregory; Leonards, P.E.G.; Cousins, Ian T.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.035

Cited by 122 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Liquid repellency in textile products can range from an optional "nice-to-have" property in leisure jeans to an essential protection needed in occupational protective clothing 38 . The textile sector often refers to these chemistries as durable water repellents (DWRs), but the leading market technology repels more than just water.…”

Section: Durable Water and Stain Repellency In Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of new non-fluorinated DWR alternatives has been developed to create repellent textile surfaces, with a variety of polymer architectures, including linear polyurethanes, hyper-branched polymers and nanoparticles 38 . The functional moieties in terms of liquid repellency consist of either saturated alkyl chains (i.e.…”

Section: Durable Water and Stain Repellency In Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hydrocarbons) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chemistry (i.e. silicone polymers) 38 . Although hazards associated with non-fluorinated DWRs…”

Section: Durable Water and Stain Repellency In Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out

Cousins

Goldenman²,

Herzke³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To determine when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: 1) develop the concept of “essential use” based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, 2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to determine the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and 3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, constant efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a detailed description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or nonessential according to the three essentiality categories. We suggest applying this concept of essential uses to all uses of PFASs, and considering its use also for other chemicals of concern.

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Section: Durable Water and Stain Repellency In Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Durable Water and Stain Repellency In Textilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out

Cousins

Goldenman²,

Herzke³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As a result, a number of studies have been dedicated to the development of novel nonfluoro‐based antifouling repelling agents such as long chain hydrophobic silanes, including hexadecyltrimethoxy silane, octadecyl trichlorosilane, and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, that similarly lower the surface energy. Other options available on the market include polydimethylsiloxane, paraffin, stearic acid‐melamine, dendrimer, and nanomaterial‐based repellent coatings . More specifically for nonporous substrates, Lei et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers dynamics of the nonfluoro, nano‐brush repelling agent with self‐stratifying property in water‐based coatings

Tang

Huang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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While perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), also known as C8s, are used extensively in textile repellent coatings, concerns have arisen for their carcinogenicity and hazardous effects on the environment. In this study, a novel water‐based, nonfluoro, and nanobrush textile repelling agent was prepared by conventional sol–gel chemistry using amorphous fumed silica and n‐octyltriethoxysilane as the starting materials. Minimal interaction between the designed repelling agent and marketed water‐based resins was confirmed using linear viscosity region (LVR) analysis and asymmetric‐flow field‐flow fractionation (AF4), suggesting the self‐stratification potential of the repelling agent. More specifically, the repelling agent exhibited excellent compatibility and self‐stratifying ability with a force‐emulsified acrylic‐based resin, affording a water contact angle of 104.3° when incorporated at 7% solid content. Performance tests carried out on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) revealed excellent adhesion (100/100) of a final formulation, and a significant increase in water contact angle from 80.1° to 103.8° after treatment. In addition, the fouling area after the removal of a submerged sample from a mixture of slurry, polymer, and oil decreased from 48 to 1% when the repelling agent was added. Moreover, the sludge‐fouling property remained unchanged after 1000 cycles of abrasion. These findings demonstrate the potential of the described nonfluoro, nanobrush repelling agent as an environmentally safe alternative for use with commercial resins, in turn realizing a fully water‐based hydrophobic coating. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48003.

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“…These water-repellent agents could be in the forms of single molecules, oligomers or polymers. Among known chemical methods, fluorine is the best element to be used to lower the surface free energy and make fabric hydrophobic [5,6]. Fluorine has a small radius and a high electronegativity, thus the covalent bond between fluorine and carbon is extremely stable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fluorine Atoms Amount and Fluorinated Acrylic Chain Length Chemically Attached to Hydroxyl Groups on the Hydrophobic Properties of Cotton Fabrics

Liu¹,

Yang²,

L³

2017

Mod Chem appl

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A two-step chemical treatment of cotton fabric was performed with the attachment of fluorine moieties on hydroxyl group sites. The hydroxyl groups of cotton were initially acrylated by 2-isocyanaethyl methacrylate. Acrylic monomers, containing four to twelve fluorine atoms, had been used to build polymeric chain directly on the surface of cotton by means of radical polymerization. Fabrics became 10-20% stiffer and microscopy showed a clear change of the cotton surface after the treatment. Coated samples of cotton had shown hydrophobic property with a highest contact angle of 128 degrees. It was found that the increase of molecular weight of fluorinated polyacrylate on the cotton surface lowered contact angle value. The best results in hydrophobicity had been obtained at the molar stoichiometric ratio between the number of hydroxyl groups of cotton and the amount of fluorinated monomer added. This developed method allowed for the direct radical polymerization on cotton fabric, providing good hydrophobic properties with the formation of fluorinated polyacrylate of different molecular weights.

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Properties, performance and associated hazards of state-of-the-art durable water repellent (DWR) chemistry for textile finishing

Cited by 122 publications

References 106 publications

The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out

The Concept of Essential Use for Determining When Uses of PFASs Can Be Phased Out

Polymers dynamics of the nonfluoro, nano‐brush repelling agent with self‐stratifying property in water‐based coatings

Effects of Fluorine Atoms Amount and Fluorinated Acrylic Chain Length Chemically Attached to Hydroxyl Groups on the Hydrophobic Properties of Cotton Fabrics

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