Properties of virion transactivator proteins encoded by primate cytomegaloviruses

Nicholson, Iain P.; Sutherland, Jane S.; Chaudry, Tanya N; Blewett, Earl L.; Barry, Peter A.; Nicholl, Mary Jane; Preston, Chris M.

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-6-65

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, unlike human pp71, the simian UL82 proteins did not support long-term expression from quiescent HSV-1 genomes, and kinetics were significantly different in both the intranuclear localization of the simian homologs and the effects on Daxx and/or ATRX relocalization (123). Recently, a UL82 homolog encoded by guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) was found to stimulate the transfection efficiency of GPCMV DNA and to complement replication of a HSV-1 VP16 mutant.…”

Section: Daxx Impairment By Virion Proteins: Overcoming the Species Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other nonhuman primate CMVs encode homologs of HCMV pp71, which efficiently initiate IE viral gene expression (123). However, unlike human pp71, the simian UL82 proteins did not support long-term expression from quiescent HSV-1 genomes, and kinetics were significantly different in both the intranuclear localization of the simian homologs and the effects on Daxx and/or ATRX relocalization (123).…”

Section: Daxx Impairment By Virion Proteins: Overcoming the Species Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virion Factors That Target Daxx To Overcome Intrinsic Immunity

Schreiner

Wodrich

2013

J Virol

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bPML nuclear bodies and their associated functions are part of an intrinsic cellular mechanism aimed at maintaining transcriptional control over viral gene expression and preventing replication of invading viruses. To overcome these barriers, many viruses express early nonstructural, multifunctional proteins to support the viral replication cycle or modulate host immune responses. Virion proteins constituting the invading particle are traditionally investigated for their role in transport during entry or egress and in the assembly of new virions. The additional functions of virion proteins have largely been ignored, in contrast to those of their nonstructural counterparts. A number of recent reports suggest that several virion proteins may also play vital roles in gene activation processes, in particular by counteracting intrinsic immune mechanisms mediated by the PML nuclear body-associated cellular factors Daxx, ATRX, and Sp100. These virion proteins share several features with their more potent nonstructural counterparts, and they may serve to bridge the gap in the early phase of an infection until immediate early viral gene expression is established. In this review, we discuss how virion proteins are an integral part of gene regulation among several viral families and to what extent structural proteins of incoming virions may contribute to species barrier, latency, and oncogenesis.W hen viral genetic information is transferred from cell to cell, it must be compacted and transcriptionally inactivated for storage in the viral capsid during transport. This process needs to be actively reversed upon infection against cellular transcriptional repression through intrinsic antiviral mechanisms. An important factor in the cellular control of viral gene expression is death domain-associated protein (Daxx). Daxx was initially described as a modulator of apoptotic signaling (1), but recent reports suggest that Daxx plays an active role in gene regulation by repressing or modulating transcription through chromatin remodeling (2, 3). Daxx mainly cooperates with alpha-thalassemia retardation syndrome x-linked (ATRX), a putative member of the SNF2 family of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling proteins. In this repressive complex, ATRX acts as the core ATPase subunit, while Daxx is the targeting factor, leading to histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment (4-6).Daxx is found associated with the promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear body (PML-NB) or chromatin. Association with PML-NB alleviates gene repression and activates apoptosis, while chromatin-bound Daxx represses transcription (7-9). It has been long established that PML-NBs are nuclear structures with antiviral activity, accumulating an expanding number of transient or constitutive cellular factors involved in transcriptional control, chromatin remodeling, genome integrity, apoptosis, and tumor suppression (10). Moreover, several PML-NB constituents can be induced by type I and II interferon (IFN), resulting in increased antiviral activity by attenuating viral gene exp...

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Section: Daxx Impairment By Virion Proteins: Overcoming the Species Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Daxx Impairment By Virion Proteins: Overcoming the Species Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virion Factors That Target Daxx To Overcome Intrinsic Immunity

Schreiner

Wodrich

2013

J Virol

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“…Immediate early expression of viral genes is activated by the viral pp71 protein and ND10 is targeted by pp71 for this activation [35,36]. Recent studies have shown that pp71 displaces ATRX from the ND10 and thereby initiates expression of the viral genes [35,36]. On this basis it is tempting to suggest involvement of ATRX in controlling IPNV replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…cytomegalovirus (HCMV) through repression of the expression of immediate early genes of HCMV [35] by its binding to the nuclear domain 10 (ND10). Immediate early expression of viral genes is activated by the viral pp71 protein and ND10 is targeted by pp71 for this activation [35,36]. Recent studies have shown that pp71 displaces ATRX from the ND10 and thereby initiates expression of the viral genes [35,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Differentially expressed genes following persistent infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in vitro and in vivo

Marjara

Thu

Evensen

2010

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…pp65 is dispensable for virus replication [24] whereas the major impact of pp71 is in viral gene expression where it modulates epigenetic gene regulation by interacting with the host protein DAXX [86]. In summary, HCMV tegumentation confers stability to nucleocapsids and provides a signal for final envelopment through protein-protein interactions that start at the surface of the capsid prior to encapsidation of viral DNA in the nucleus and continue throughout cytoplasmic maturation events.…”

Section: Cytoplasmic Stage Of Hcmv Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral and host control of cytomegalovirus maturation

Tandon¹,

Mocarski²

2012

Trends in Microbiology

109

155

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Maturation in herpesviruses initiates in the nucleus of the infected cell with encapsidation of viral DNA to form nucleocapsids and concludes with envelopment in the cytoplasm to form infectious virions that egress the cell. The entire process of virus maturation is orchestrated by protein-protein interactions and enzymatic activities of viral and host origin. Viral tegument proteins play important roles in maintaining the structural stability of capsids and directing the acquisition of virus envelope. Envelopment occurs at modified host membranes and exploits host vesicular trafficking. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) maturation and their parallels in other herpesviruses with an emphasis on viral and host factors regulating this process.

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Properties of virion transactivator proteins encoded by primate cytomegaloviruses

Abstract: All of the UL82 homolog proteins analysed activated gene expression, but surprising differences in other aspects of their properties were revealed. The results provide new information on early events in infection with cytomegaloviruses.

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Virion Factors That Target Daxx To Overcome Intrinsic Immunity

Virion Factors That Target Daxx To Overcome Intrinsic Immunity

Differentially expressed genes following persistent infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in vitro and in vivo

Viral and host control of cytomegalovirus maturation

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