Properties of tribofilms formed with ashless dithiophosphate and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate under extreme pressure conditions

Kim, BoHoon; Mourhatch, Ramoun; Aswath, Pranesh B.

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2009.10.004

Cited by 117 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Further study is required to determine if this effect is due to changes in tribofilm adhesion, modulus, roughness, or interfacial shear strength. However, the increase seen is consistent with macroscopic studies which report transient increases in friction for ZDDP-infused base stocks (28).…”

Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 90%

Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts

Gosvami

Bares

Mangolini

et al. 2015

Science

447

460

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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) form antiwear tribofilms at sliding interfaces and are widely used as additives in automotive lubricants. The mechanisms governing the tribofilm growth are not well understood, which limits the development of replacements that offer better performance and are less likely to degrade automobile catalytic converters over time. Using atomic force microscopy in ZDDP-containing lubricant base stock at elevated temperatures, we monitored the growth and properties of the tribofilms in situ in well-defined single-asperity sliding nanocontacts. Surface-based nucleation, growth, and thickness saturation of patchy tribofilms were observed. The growth rate increased exponentially with either applied compressive stress or temperature, consistent with a thermally activated, stress-assisted reaction rate model. Although some models rely on the presence of iron to catalyze tribofilm growth, the films grew regardless of the presence of iron on either the tip or substrate, highlighting the critical role of stress and thermal activation.

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Section: Main Textsupporting

confidence: 90%

Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts

Gosvami

Bares

Mangolini

et al. 2015

Science

447

460

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“…To enhance the wear resistance properties of a lubricant, antiwear additives are used. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The organic compounds used as antiwear additives usually contain active elements like nitrogen, 7-9 sulfur, 10,12 phosphorous, 13,14 boron, 15,16 halogens 17 and metals [1][2][3][4][5] which interact with sliding surfaces to form a tribochemical film and thereby reduce friction, wear and increase the life of a machine. These antiwear additives have also been used as antioxidants, [18][19][20] corrosion inhibitors 21,22 and extreme pressure agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These antiwear additives have also been used as antioxidants, [18][19][20] corrosion inhibitors 21,22 and extreme pressure agents. [2][3][4] A literature survey shows that among inorganic compounds, extensive studies have been made on tribological behavior of zinc, molybdenum and lanthanum complexes of dithiohydrazodicarbonamides, 3 dithiocarbamates, 4 triphenylphosphorothionate 5 and dialkyldithiophosphate. 1,2,[23][24][25][26][27] Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates with high SAPS contents are known for their multifunctional properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] A literature survey shows that among inorganic compounds, extensive studies have been made on tribological behavior of zinc, molybdenum and lanthanum complexes of dithiohydrazodicarbonamides, 3 dithiocarbamates, 4 triphenylphosphorothionate 5 and dialkyldithiophosphate. 1,2,[23][24][25][26][27] Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates with high SAPS contents are known for their multifunctional properties. [23][24][25][26][27] However, excessive use of high SAPS and halogen containing additives has to be controlled as these cause damage to the environment as well as to the engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Tribological Properties of Sulfur- and Phosphorous-Free Quinolinium Salts and Their Correlation with Quantum Chemical Parameters

Kalyani

Jaiswal

Rastogi

et al. 2016

Tribology Transactions

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For developing antiwear additives with high efficiency but with low SAPS, N-substituted quinolinium halides, [DIP-Q] + Br -[DIP-Q=1-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)quinolon-1-ium], [DIE-Q] + Br -[DIE-Q=1-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)ethyl)quinolon-1-ium], [P-Q] + I -[P-Q=propylquinolon-1-ium] and [M-Q] + I -[M-Q=methylquinolon-1-ium] have been prepared and characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Tribological performance of these quinoline based quaternary salts as antiwear additives in paraffin oil has been assessed on four-ball test rig. The observed results have been compared with those of zinc dibutyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), a high SAPS additive. The tribo-testing of these additives has been performed using 1% w/v additives concentration at different loads and time. Potentiality of these compounds as antiwear additives is evident from their observed tribological data; mean wear scar diameter (MWD), friction coefficient (µ), mean wear volume (MWV) and wear rates. All the quinolinium derivatives prove to be better antiwear additives than ZDDP. Among the tested synthesized compounds, [DIP-Q] + Br -exhibits the best tribological behavior followed by [DIE-Q] + Br -, [P-Q] + I -and then [M-Q] + I -. The surface topography of worn surface studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) shows that surface roughness is reduced to a greater extent in case of quinolinium derivatives than that lubricated with ZDDP or base oil alone. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of worn surfaces in presence of quinolinium additives shows that tribofilm is composed of FeBr 3 , Fe 3 O 4 and organic compounds containing carbonyl and imine bonds. Theoretical investigations using quantum chemical calculations are indicative of significant chemical interactions of these quinolinium additives with metal surface which are strongly supported by the observed experimental data.

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“…However, due to recent environmental regulations, the replacement of ZDDP additive is more than ever newsworthy. There have been many studies detailing the mechanism by which ZDDP decomposed and forms tribofilms [2][3][4][5]. However, if its replacement is not effective yet, it is because some key mechanisms responsible for the antiwear functionality of the ZDDP remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model formation of ZDDP tribofilm from a mixture of zinc metaphosphate and goethite

Berkani

Dassenoy

Minfray

et al. 2014

Tribology International

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Properties of tribofilms formed with ashless dithiophosphate and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate under extreme pressure conditions

Cited by 117 publications

References 40 publications

Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts

Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts

Evaluation of Tribological Properties of Sulfur- and Phosphorous-Free Quinolinium Salts and Their Correlation with Quantum Chemical Parameters

Model formation of ZDDP tribofilm from a mixture of zinc metaphosphate and goethite

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