Properties of superior vestibular nucleus neurons projecting to the cerebellar flocculus in the squirrel monkey

Zhang, Yihong; Partsalis, A. M.; Highstein, Stephen M.

doi:10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.642

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The average spontaneous activity recorded in this study (57.3 imp*s Ϫ1 ) was slightly higher than the range reported by others from normal animals (Chubb et al 1984;Fuchs and Kimm 1975;Tomlinson and Robinson 1984;Zhang et al 1993Zhang et al , 1995. The average spontaneous activity of various types of central vestibular neurons is different, being highest for velocity-plus-saccade cells (ϳ100 imp* sϪ1 ) (Chubb et al 1984;Zhang et al 1993).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“…The average spontaneous activity of various types of central vestibular neurons is different, being highest for velocity-plus-saccade cells (ϳ100 imp* sϪ1 ) (Chubb et al 1984;Zhang et al 1993). Horizontal aVOR-related, VO neurons, which are likely to be responsible for producing OKAN and the dominant time constant of the horizontal aVOR (Reisine and Raphan 1992) and which were not encountered in the present study, have the lowest spontaneous rate (ϳ35-45 imp*s Ϫ1 ) of the canal-related central vestibular neurons (Chubb et al 1984;Yakushin et al 2005;Zhang et al 1993). Elimination of the VO neurons from the population of the sampled neurons, which have a lower mean frequency, could have been responsible for the increase in the average spontaneous firing rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Properties of Central Vestibular Neurons of Monkeys After Bilateral Lateral Canal Nerve Section

Yakushin

Raphan²,

Büttner‐Ennever³

et al. 2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. Spatial properties of central vestibular neurons of monkeys after bilateral lateral canal nerve section. J Neurophysiol 94: 3860 -3871, 2005. First published June 29, 2005 10.1152/jn.01102.2004. Thirty-seven neurons were recorded in the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) of two cynomolgus monkeys 1-2 yr after bilateral lateral canal nerve section to test whether the central neurons had spatially adapted for the loss of lateral canal input. The absence of lateral canal function was verified with eye movement recordings. The relation of unit activity to the vertical canals was determined by oscillating the animals about a horizontal axis with the head in various orientations relative to the axis of rotation. Animals were also oscillated about a vertical axis while upright or tilted in pitch. In the second test, the vertical canals are maximally activated when the animals are tilted back about Ϫ50°f rom the spatial upright and the lateral canals when the animals are tilted forward about 30°. We reasoned that if central compensation occurred, the head orientation at which the response of the vertical canal-related neurons was maximal should be shifted toward the plane of the lateral canals. No lateral canal-related units were found after nerve section, and vertical canal-related units were found only in SVN not in the rostral medial vestibular nucleus. SVN canal-related units were maximally activated when the head was tilted back at Ϫ47 Ϯ 17 and Ϫ50 Ϯ 12°(means Ϯ SD) in the two animals, close to the predicted orientation of the vertical canals. This indicated that spatial adaptation of vertical canal-related vestibular neurons had not occurred. There were substantial neck and/or otolith-related inputs activating the vertical canal-related neurons in the nerve-sectioned animals, which could have contributed to oculomotor compensation after nerve section.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Properties of Central Vestibular Neurons of Monkeys After Bilateral Lateral Canal Nerve Section

Yakushin

Raphan²,

Büttner‐Ennever³

et al. 2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Even though FTN response behavior during saccades and VOR suppression could vary greatly, their unique characteristics include a strong eye-velocity sensitivity with a small and often non-linear eye-position sensitivity. FPNs, on the other hand, have been described as cells with small eye-movement sensitivity and represent distinctly different and nonoverlapping populations from FTNs (Nagao et al 1997;Zhang et al 1993Zhang et al , 1995a. Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies have identified FTNs in the rostral medial and ventrolateral vestibular nuclei (Langer et al 1985a;Lisberger et al 1994;Nagao et al 1997;Sato et al 1988).…”

Section: Classes Of Vestibuloocular Neurons and Comparison Of Their Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eyes on Target: What Neurons Must do for the Vestibuloocular Reflex During Linear Motion

Angelaki

2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

119

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Angelaki, Dora E. Eyes on target: what neurons must do for the vestibuloocular reflex during linear motion. J Neurophysiol 92: 20 -35, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00047.2004. A gaze-stabilization reflex that has been conserved throughout evolution is the rotational vestibuloocular reflex (RVOR), which keeps images stable on the entire retina during head rotation. An ethological newer reflex, the translational or linear VOR (TVOR), provides fast foveal image stabilization during linear motion. Whereas the sensorimotor processing has been extensively studied in the RVOR, much less is currently known about the neural organization of the TVOR. Here we summarize the computational problems faced by the system and the potential solutions that might be used by brain stem and cerebellar neurons participating in the VORs. First and foremost, recent experimental and theoretical evidence has shown that, contrary to popular beliefs, the sensory signals driving the TVOR arise from both the otolith organs and the semicircular canals. Additional unresolved issues include a scaling by both eye position and vergence angle as well as the temporal transformation of linear acceleration signals into eye-position commands. Behavioral differences between the RVOR and TVOR, as well as distinct differences in neuroanatomical and neurophysiological properties, raise multiple functional questions and computational issues, only some of which are readily understood. In this review, we provide a summary of what is known about the functional properties and neural substrates for this oculomotor system and outline some specific hypotheses about how sensory information is centrally processed to create motor commands for the VORs. I N T R O D U C T I O NThe world is viewed from a constantly shifting platform, where visual mechanisms function optimally only if images on the retina remain stable. This is achieved primarily by the vestibuloocular reflexes (VORs), which provide fast compensation during both translational and rotational motions. Although the rotational VOR (RVOR) is phylogenetically older and highly conserved throughout evolution, the translational VOR (TVOR) represents a relatively recent evolutionary acquisition that appears to have evolved in parallel with foveal vision, vergence eye movements, and stereopsis (Miles 1993(Miles , 1998. Its amplitude and functional properties are only well described for humans and non-human primates (Angelaki and McHenry 1999; McHenry and Angelaki 2000;Paige 1989; Paige and Tomko 1991a,b;Ramat and Zee 2003;Schwarz and Miles 1991;Schwarz et al. 1989;Telford et al. 1997;Zhou et al. 2003). In contrast, an image-stabilization system appropriate to compensate for the visual consequences of translational motion remains rudimentary or absent in lateral-eyed species (Baarsma and Collewijn 1975; Dickman and Angelaki 1999;Hess and Dieringer 1990, 1991; Hess et al. 1984; Maruta et al. 2001). The functional goal of the TVOR is to decrease conjugate retinal slip and minimize binocular disparities during either self-motion...

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“…There is evidence supporting the idea that these nuclei are functionally distinct. Studies of the superior vestibular nucleus have explored its role in mediating the vestibuloocular reflex (Highstein and Ito 1971;Mitsacos et al 1983;Zhang et al 1993Zhang et al , 1995. By contrast, studies on the lateral vestibular nucleus have focused on its influences on neck and limb muscles (Shamboul 1980;Akaike 1983;Boyle et al 1996;Kuze et al 1999;Boyle 2000;Leblond et al 2000;Krutki et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

Baizer

Baker

2005

Exp Brain Res

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The vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) is classically divided into four nuclei on the basis of cytoarchitectonics. However, anatomical data on the distribution of afferents to the VNC and the distribution of cells of origin of different efferent pathways suggest a more complex internal organization. Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins has proven useful in many areas of the brain for revealing structure not visible with cell, fiber or Golgi stains. We have looked at the VNC of the cat using immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin. Immunoreactivity for calretinin revealed a small, intensely stained region of cell bodies and processes just beneath the fourth ventricle in the medial vestibular nucleus. A presumably homologous region has been described in rodents. The calretinin-immunoreactive cells in this region were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase. Evidence from other studies suggests that the calretinin region contributes to pathways involved in eye movement modulation but not generation. There were focal dense regions of fibers immunoreactive to calbindin in the medial and inferior nuclei, with an especially dense region of label at the border of the medial nucleus and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. There is anatomical evidence that suggests that the likely source of these calbindin-immunoreactive fibers is the flocculus of the cerebellum. The distribution of calbindin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral and superior nuclei was much more uniform. Immunoreactivity to parvalbumin was widespread in fibers distributed throughout the VNC. The results suggest that neurochemical techniques may help to reveal the internal complexity in VNC organization.

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Properties of superior vestibular nucleus neurons projecting to the cerebellar flocculus in the squirrel monkey

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Spatial Properties of Central Vestibular Neurons of Monkeys After Bilateral Lateral Canal Nerve Section

Spatial Properties of Central Vestibular Neurons of Monkeys After Bilateral Lateral Canal Nerve Section

Eyes on Target: What Neurons Must do for the Vestibuloocular Reflex During Linear Motion

Immunoreactivity for calcium-binding proteins defines subregions of the vestibular nuclear complex of the cat

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