Properties of silicon photon counting detectors and silicon photomultipliers

Stewart, Andrew; Wall, L.; Jackson, Jennifer C.

doi:10.1080/09500340802474425

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Due to the quantum efficiency of silicon, only a certain percentage of the incident photons are detected and converted into analog pulses. This is usually described with photon detection efficiency (PDE) and is defined as [32]:…”

Section: Sipm Characterisation a Sipm Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

Li,

Chitnis

2024

IEEE Internet Things J.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are photoncounting detectors with great potential to improve the sensitivity of optical receivers. Recent studies of SiPMs in communication focus on the speed rather than the power consumption of the receiver. The gain bandwidth product (GBP) of the amplifiers in these post-SiPM readout circuits is significantly higher than the target data rate. Additionally, the SiPM experiments for optical communication are performed using an offline method which uses instruments including oscilloscopes and personal computers to process chunks of the transmitted data. In this work, we have developed an embedded real-time field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based system to evaluate a commercially available 1 mm 2 SiPM. The implemented real-time system achieves data rates from 10 kbps to 1 Mbps with a bit error rate (BER) below 10 −3 approaching the Poisson limit. Results showed that reducing either the dark count rate or increasing the data rate leads to lower dark counts per bit time, hence less power penalty to maintain a probability of error (PE) of 10 −3 . The numerically simulated results indicated that to maintain the Poisson limit, the minimum GBP of the amplifier in the post-SiPM readout circuit is 120 MHz based on the proposed setup within the tested data rates. This GBP limitation is determined by the noise floor of the read-out circuit. The analysis of the minimum GBP and electrical power consumption of the receiver in photon counting and BER enables the potential future adoption of this receiver technology when high optical sensitivity is required, such as visible light communications (VLC) for low data rate Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

show abstract

Section: Sipm Characterisation a Sipm Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

Li,

Chitnis

2024

IEEE Internet Things J.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because the SiPM is a semiconductor photoelectric conversion device, it is more sensitive to temperature variation than a PMT [6]. There have been many studies on the influence of temperature on an SiPM [7][8][9], which can be summarized as: (a) the breakdown voltage of the SiPM rises with increasing temperature, which decreases the gain of the SiPM, thus causing the peak position of the γ spectrum to shift; (b) the dark current of the SiPM increases with rising temperature, resulting in deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the output signal of the SiPM, thus causing the energy resolution of the γ spectrum to deteriorate. There are two common solutions: (a) real-time correction of the SiPM bias voltage by a temperature feedback circuit [10,11]; (b) using a device to stabilize the temperature of the detector [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a portable thermostatic γ spectrometer

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a portable γ spectrometer with an automatic constant temperature function. The γ spectrometer includes a detector consisting of a CsI(Na) crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array and highly integrated readout electronics. The performance of the crystal and SiPM changes with temperature. To solve this problem, we design a thermoelectric cooler-based unit to keep the temperature constant. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the γ spectrometer under different temperatures. The test results show that when the external temperature range is 2-38 • C, the temperature inside the spectrometer remains constant at 20 ± 0.07 • C. Because of the constant temperature, the peak drift for 662 keV is reduced to 1.80 channels, and the energy resolution for 662 keV remains around 8.20%.

show abstract

“…These distinguishing properties make it possible to integrate the SPM sensing and processing units, allowing for rapid detection of small-volume samples at a low cost. Importantly, in the photon counting mode, the gain of a PMT in response to a single incident photon varies widely due to excess noise limiting its application, while the SPM detector has a uniform gain in response to single photons (Stewart et al, 2009). Recently, Daniel et al (2008) demonstrated the detection of bacterial bioluminescence using an SPM at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon photomultiplier (SPM) detection of low-level bioluminescence for the development of deployable whole-cell biosensors: Possibilities and limitations

Lopes

Moser

et al. 2012

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whole-cell bacterial bioreporters await miniaturized photon counting modules with high sensitivity and robust compatible hardware to fulfill their promise of versatile, on-site biosensor functionality. In this study, we explore the photon counting readout properties of the silicon photomultiplier (SPM) with a thermoelectric cooler and the possibilities of detecting low-level bioluminescent signals. Detection performance was evaluated through a simulated LED light source and the bioluminescence produced by the genetically engineered Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterial bioreporter 5RL. Compared with the conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT), the results revealed that the cooled SPM exhibits a wider linear response to inducible substrate concentrations (salicylate) ranging from 250 to 5000 ppb. Although cooling of the SPM lowered dark count rates and improved the minimum detectable signal, and the application of a digital filter enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio, the detection of very low light signals is still limited and remains a challenge in the design of compact photon counting systems.

show abstract

Properties of silicon photon counting detectors and silicon photomultipliers

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

Development of a portable thermostatic γ spectrometer

Silicon photomultiplier (SPM) detection of low-level bioluminescence for the development of deployable whole-cell biosensors: Possibilities and limitations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About