Properties of eco-friendly composites: palm kernel shell treated with sodium bicarbonate filled recycled high-density polyethylene

Abstract

Palm kernel shells (PKS) treated by commercial sodium bicarbonate (SB) filled recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) were produced using melt compounding. These environmentally friendly composites were prepared using twin-screw extruder by varying untreated and treated filler loading (0, 10 and 30 php). In this study, the tensile properties of untreated rHDPE/PKS and treated rHDPE/PKS-SB were investigated. The composites were subjected to tensile test and the fracture surfaces were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that SB treatment improved the filler-matrix adhesion and interaction of composites. Meanwhile, the SEM micrographs on the fracture surfaces confirmed that SB treatment which may influence the tensile properties of these composites.

Potentials of palm kernel shell derivatives: a critical review on waste recovery for environmental sustainability

“…While studying the effect of PKS particle sizes, Nafu et al (2020), recorded maximum results in compressive stress of 0.75 MPa, flexural stress of 0.44 MPa, density of 0.852 g/cm 3 , and stiffness of 1754 MPa at 1 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm respectively. In the study of Husna et al (2019), effect of weight fraction of PKS as well as pre-treatment with sodium bicarbonate was investigated using PKS as reinforcement in recycled high-density polyethylene matrix. Optimal results showed that, 30 % PKS fraction increased the stiffness by about 44.44 % and 22.22 % in the sodium bicarbonate treated and untreated conditions respectively.…”

Synergy of hybridization of bauhinia vahlii and kenaf fiber on mechanical and sliding wear properties of epoxy composites: A Grey Taguchi Optimization Study

“…Some investigated hybrid composites by using natural fibers are oil palm/sisal, flax/carbon, jute/flax, grewia optiva/sisal/nettle, jute/hemp/flax, sisal/hemp, and nettle/cotton etc. which produce better performance [ [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ]. Bauhinia vahlii fibers (family; Caesalpiniacea ) are abundantly available in Himalayan zone of Uttarakhand, India and highly used for leaf dishes, fodder for cattle, and fancy baskets which offer earnings to local people.…”