Properties of Bio-based Epoxy Resins from Rosin with Different Flexible Chains

Abstract

Triglycidyl ester FPAE and glycidyl ethers FPEG1, FPEG2, and FPEG3, listed in order of increasing flexible chain amounts, were obtained from rosin and characterized by 1H nuclear mangetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of a harder dose on cured resin properties were studied by determining the tensile strength and water absorption. The results indicated that the optimum harder dose of the FPEG system was higher than the stoichiometric ratio. The effects of flexible chains on cured resin properties were studied by tensile strength characterization, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, water absorption, and acetone absorption. The results showed that the cured resin FPAE1C exhibited the best thermal properties, water resistance, and acetone resistance. FPAEC did not display the best tensile properties, because of its brittleness, but the tensile strength was improved by introducing the flexible chain. Moreover, FPAE, FPEG1, and FPEG2 displayed tensile strength similar to that of petrochemical E44, and FPAE exhibited a high glass-transition temperature (T g), compared to E44.

A Review of Recent Research on Bio-Based Epoxy Systems for Engineering Applications and Potentialities in the Aviation Sector

“…Finally, very interesting flexural properties characterize the isosorbide-based resin by Łukaszczyk et al [50], with enhanced values of flexural modulus, ranging between 5.5 GPa (TETA) and 17.4 GPa (PHA), reported in detail in Appendix A, and values of flexural strength from 100.5 (THPHA) to 228.3 (TETA), making them a promising alternative to petrol-derived bisphenol A resin, as suggested by the same authors. [10,17,20,30,31,39,41,44,48,49,60,61,[74][75][76][77]106,[111][112][113][114].…”

“…Furthermore, the bio-based resins show comparable or higher values than high-performances resins used in the aviation sector, like neat resin cyanate by Ganesan et al [115], bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BMI)-diallylbisphenol A (BA) by Wang et al [116] and cyanate resin system by Wang et al [117]. Tensile modulus vs. tensile strength comparison from the works of [10,17,20,30,31,39,41,44,48,49,60,61,[74][75][76][77]106,[111][112][113][114].…”

“…The impact strength and the elongation at break were, on the other end, lower than the values showed by a petroleum-based reference resin, as reported in Table 20. The properties of bio-based epoxy resins derived from rosin with different flexible chains were investigated by Deng et al [111], who obtained triglycidyl ester FPAE and glycidyl ethers FPEG1, FPEG2, and FPEG3 from rosin and studied the effects of flexible chains on tensile strength properties. Rosin based systems characterized by different ratios of FPA, Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) and curing agent were synthesized.…”

Maleopimaric acid‐modified two‐component waterborne polyurethane for coating applications

“…Because MPA with the hydrophenanthrene ring structure is a polyfunctional compound, the introduction of MPA can not only enhance the crosslinking density of MPP‐2K‐WPU film, but also increase the rigidity of MPP‐2K‐WPU molecule chain. As a result, the motion of MPP‐2K‐WPU molecule chain is restricted which leads to a higher T g …”

“…Rosin is an abundantly available resin obtained from the exudation of pine, and it consists of 88–90% rosin acid, 2–5% aliphatic acid, and 5–8% neutral substance . The present of carboxyl group and double bond imparts a high chemical reactivity to rosin acids, thus numerous rosin derivatives with polyfunctionality can be synthesized . The characteristic hydrophenanthrene ring structure of rosin acids is similar in rigidity to some fossil‐based cycloaliphatic and aromatic compounds, making rosin and its derivatives as potential substitutes for fossil‐based compounds in polymers.…”