Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

Trotta, Domenico; Larosa, Andrea; Nicolaou, Georgios; Horbury, Timothy S.; Matteini, Lorenzo; Hietala, Heli; Blanco-Cano, Xochitl; Franci, Luca; Chen, C. H. K; Zhao, Lingling; Zank, Gary P.; Cohen, Christina M. S.; Bale, Stuart D.; Laker, Ronan; Fargette, Nais; Valentini, Francesco; Khotyaintsev, Yuri; Kieokaew, Rungployphan; Raouafi, Nour; Davies, Emma; Vainio, Rami; Dresing, Nina; Kilpua, Emilia; Karlsson, Tomas; Owen, Christopher J.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad187d

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Although the dispersion shape of the onset of the SEPs is well explained by a diffusive shock acceleration process, it is less clear what leads to the intensity drop at the shock. Trotta et al (2024) analyzed the characteristics of the shock observed at Parker and compared them to those of the shock observed significantly later by SolO, at 0.7 au. As can be seen from Figure 1, SolO was roughly radially aligned with Parker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If so, this may be relevant to unexpected changes in the energetic proton intensities at the shock passage.The sheath region as identified byRomeo et al (2023) is quite short, lasting only 5 minutes between the shock passage and a small rotation of the magnetic field theta angle (seeRomeo et al 2023, their Figure2). The entry into the CME flank is marked by the depressed proton kinetic temperature, starting 29 minutes after the end of the sheath Trotta et al (2024),. however, state that the boundary between the sheath and the start of the flux rope is not very clear.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Observations of the 2022 September 5 Solar Energetic Particle Event at 15 Solar Radii

Cohen,

Leske,

Christian

et al. 2024

ApJ

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On 2022 September 5, Parker Solar Probe (Parker) observed a large solar energetic particle (SEP) event at the unprecedented distance of only 15 R S from the Sun. The observations from the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS) obtained over the course of this event are remarkably rich, and an overview is presented here. IS⊙IS is capable of measuring ions from 20 keV to over 100 MeV nuc−1 and electrons from 30 keV to 6 MeV; here, we primarily focus on the proton and helium measurements above 80 keV. Among the surprising results are evidence of inverse velocity dispersion at energies above 1 MeV during the onset of the event, a sharp decrease in the energetic particle intensities at all energies at the interplanetary shock crossing, and repeated short durations of highly anisotropic sunward flow. Many changes in the SEP intensities, anisotropy, and spectral steepness are coincident with solar wind structure boundaries identified using the Parker solar wind magnetic field and plasma data. However, there are significant changes that are not correlated with any clearly visible solar wind variation. The observations presented here serve as an introduction to a complex event with numerous opportunities for future, more in-depth studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations of the 2022 September 5 Solar Energetic Particle Event at 15 Solar Radii

Cohen,

Leske,

Christian

et al. 2024

ApJ

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The solar cycle 25 multi-spacecraft solar energetic particle event catalog of the SERPENTINE project

Dresing,

Yli-Laurila,

Valkila

et al. 2024

A&A

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The solar energetic particle analysis platform for the inner heliosphere (SERPENTINE) project, funded through the H2020-SPACE-2020 call of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 framework program, employs measurements of the new inner heliospheric spacecraft fleet to address several outstanding questions on the origin of solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The data products of SERPENTINE include event catalogs, which are provided to the scientific community. In this paper, we present SERPENTINE's new multi-spacecraft SEP event catalog for events observed in solar cycle 25. Observations from five different viewpoints are utilized, provided by Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, STEREO A, BepiColombo, and the near-Earth spacecraft Wind and SOHO. The catalog contains key SEP parameters for $25-40$ MeV protons, $ MeV electrons, and $ keV electrons. Furthermore, basic parameters of associated flares and type II radio bursts are listed, as are the coordinates of the observer and solar source locations. An event is included in the catalog if at least two spacecraft detect a significant proton event with energies of $25-40$ MeV. The SEP onset times were determined using the Poisson-CUSUM method. The SEP peak times and intensities refer to the global intensity maximum. If different viewing directions are available, we used the one with the earliest onset for the onset determination and the one with the highest peak intensity for the peak identification. We furthermore aimed to use a high time resolution to provide the most accurate event times. Therefore, we opted to use a 1-minute time resolution, and more time averaging of the SEP intensity data was only applied if necessary to determine clean event onsets and peaks. Associated flares were identified using observations from near Earth and Solar Orbiter. Associated type II radio bursts were determined from ground-based observations in the metric frequency range and from spacecraft observations in the decametric range. The current version of the catalog available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10732268 contains 45 multi-spacecraft events observed in the period from November 2020 until May 2023, of which 13 events were found to be widespread (observed at longitudes separated by at least 80° from the associated flare location) and four could be classified as narrow-spread events (not observed at longitudes separated by at least 80° from the associated flare location). Using X-ray observations by GOES/XRS and Solar Orbiter/STIX, we were able to identify the associated flare in all but four events. Using ground-based and space-borne radio observations, we found an associated type II radio burst for 40 events. In total, the catalog contains 142 single event observations, of which 20 (45) have been observed at radial distances below 0.6 AU (0.8 AU). It is anticipated that the catalog will be extended in the future.

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Unraveling the Origins of an Extreme Solar Eruptive Event with Hard X-Ray Imaging Spectroscopy

Vievering,

Vourlidas,

Krucker

2024

ApJ

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Hard X-ray (HXR) observations are crucial for understanding the initiation and evolution of solar eruptive events, as they provide a key signature of flare-accelerated electrons and heated plasma. The potential of high-cadence HXR imaging for deciphering the erupting structure, however, has not received adequate attention in an era of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging abundance. An extreme solar eruptive event on 2022 September 5 observed on the solar far side by both Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter provides the opportunity to showcase the power of HXR imaging in the absence of high-cadence EUV imaging. We investigate the evolution of flare energy release through HXR timing, imaging, and spectral analyses using data from the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on board Solar Orbiter. STIX provides the highest cadence imaging of the energy release sites for this far-side event and offers crucial insight into the nature of energy release, timing of flare particle acceleration, and evolution of the acceleration efficiency. We find that this is a two-phase eruptive event, rather than two distinct eruptions, as has been previously suggested. The eruption begins with an initial peak in flare emission on one side of the active region (AR), marking the rise/destabilization of a loop system followed by notable episodes of energy release across the AR and an eruptive phase associated with a very fast coronal mass ejection, type III radio bursts, and solar energetic particles. We demonstrate that high-cadence HXR imaging spectroscopy is indispensable for understanding the formation of powerful, space-weather relevant eruptions.

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Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

Cited by 4 publications

References 109 publications

Observations of the 2022 September 5 Solar Energetic Particle Event at 15 Solar Radii

Observations of the 2022 September 5 Solar Energetic Particle Event at 15 Solar Radii

The solar cycle 25 multi-spacecraft solar energetic particle event catalog of the SERPENTINE project

Unraveling the Origins of an Extreme Solar Eruptive Event with Hard X-Ray Imaging Spectroscopy

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