Properties of 3D Printed Concrete–Geopolymer Hybrids Reinforced with Aramid Roving

Abstract

Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is an innovative technology that can lead to breakthrough modifications of production processes in the construction industry. The paper presents for the first time the possibility of 3D printing concrete–geopolymer hybrids reinforced with aramid roving. Reference concrete samples and concrete–geopolymer hybrids composed of 95% concrete and 5% geopolymer based on fly ash or metakaolin were produced. The properties of the samples without reinforcement and samples with 0.5% (wt.) aramid roving were compared. The frost resistance tests, UV radiation resistance, and thermal conductivity were evaluated for samples that were 3D-printed or produced by the conventional casting method. Compressive strength tests were carried out for each sample exposed to freeze–thaw cycles and UV radiation. It was observed that after the frost resistance test, the samples produced by the 3D printing technology had a minor decrease in strength properties compared to the samples made by casting. Moreover, the thermal conductivity coefficient was higher for concrete–geopolymer hybrids than concrete reinforced with aramid roving.

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“…Metakaolin's chemical composition (M) showed that it contains: SiO 2 -over 51%, Al 2 O 3 -over 34%, CaO-over 11%, and TiO 2 -less than 1%. Similar chemical composition results for metakaolin were found by other scientists in their work [24]. A chemical composition study for silica fume (SF) showed oxides such as SiO 2 at almost 99% and K 2 O and CaO at similar levels.…”

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“…The chemical composition of metakaolin indicated that it has its own composition: SiO 2 -over 54%, Al 2 O 3 -over 41%, K 2 O-over 1%, and Fe 2 O 3 -over 1%. The same metakaolin has also been studied by other researchers, who obtained similar chemical composition results for metakaolin [56].…”

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“…By its very nature, 3D printing drastically reduces the consumption of raw materials, waste generation, and energy usage, with potential reductions of up to 90% across these parameters [33,34,127,128]. This efficiency translates to significant cost savings of approximately 15% to 60% compared to traditional manufacturing methods [3,33,34,129]. Furthermore, the environmental benefits extend to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, with an approximate 41-64% decrease when employing 3D printing technologies [33,34,100].…”

“…3D printing revolutionized conventional manufacturing paradigms by offering unparalleled design flexibility, reduced lead times, and minimized material wastage. The applications of additive manufacturing span a wide spectrum of industries, from aerospace components to biomedical implants, each poised to benefit from its transformative capabilities [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”