Properties, Functions, Chemical Transformation, Nano-, and Hybrid Materials of Poly(diphenylacetylene)s toward Sensor and Actuator Applications

Abstract

This review examines poly(diphenylacetylene)s (PDPAs) as a special class of conjugated polymers. Various properties of PDPAs, including liquid crystallinity, fluorescence (FL) emission, and chirality are described in detail. The FL origin of PDPAs is intramolecular excimer emission that comes from the intramolecular stack structure of side phenyl rings. PDPAs show remarkable FL responses to external stimuli such as solvents, heat, surface tension, and pressure. PDPAs are easily transformed to desired forms via polymer reactions, chiral solvent annealing, and coupling with long alkyl chains. Very useful nanomaterials and hybrid materials can be prepared by chain quenching and in situ hybridization methods. PDPAs and their nanoand hybrid materials show highly advanced functions toward sensors and actuators.

Interpol review of fingermarks and other body impressions 2016–2019

“…It has to be noted that the technique appears similar to VMD (e.g., colour tones, degradation with time of ridge details with silver) and is further combined with chemical imaging (fatty acids mapping). self-triggered alarm system using a triboelectric nanosensor and nitrocellulose membrane as substrate for fingermarks upon contact [ 533 ]; sulfonated poly (diphenylacetylene) polymer in solution interacting with sweat components and exhibiting a “turn-on” emission mode [ 534 ]; PDMS support covered by a PDA thin film then applied on a fingermark: transfer of PDA into sweat and ridge pattern visualization through PDA-catalysed electroless silver deposition (positive image on the substrate, negative image on the PDMS support) [ 535 ]; follow-up of the above study: PDMS support covered by a PDA thin film and a silver layer then applied on a fingermark to allow optical detection and Raman chemical imaging [ 473 ]; CTF-developed fingermarks combined with transmission-/reflection-mode multiwavelength digital holography [ 536 ]; use of an AIE-based tetraphenylethene-based dye [ 537 ], conjugated polyelectrolyte [ 538 ], diphenylpyrimidinone derivatives [ 539 ] or acridinediones [ 540 ] to detect sebum-rich marks on various substrates; p-C1-PDPA film taking advantage of swelling-induced emission enhancement to detect sebum-rich marks on non-porous substrates [ 541 ]; two-step detection of sebum-rich fingermarks involving the lifting of secretion residue by a hydrophilic cellulose membrane followed by dye staining of the membrane (the sebum-rich secretions acting as a mask) [ 542 ] (note: this study has been further reported by Ref. [ 543 ]); use of paraffin candle soot to detect sebum-rich fingermarks on various substrates [ 544 ]; two-step detection of sebum-rich fingermarks involving the lipophilic adsorption of nitric oxide (NO) followed by the application of 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone [ 545 ]; sublimation of lanthanide complexes to detect fingermarks on non-porous substrates [ 546 ]; use of lysozyme-binding aptamers combined with a lanthanide-based carboxymethyl nanocellulose hydrogel [ 547 ] or embedded in two DNA strands with a G-quadruplex/NMM complex [ 548 ] to detect (fresh sebum-rich) fingermarks on various substrates; use of electrolytes in aqueous solutions to detect marks on various substrates [ 549 ]; two-step detection of fingermarks involving the transfer of secretion residue to a nanofibrillated cellulose membrane doped with fluorescen...…”

“…p-C1-PDPA film taking advantage of swelling-induced emission enhancement to detect sebum-rich marks on non-porous substrates [ 541 ];…”

Poly(1-halogen-2-phenylacetylenes) containing tetraphenylethene units: polymer synthesis, unique emission behaviours and application in explosive detection

“…Replacement of the two hydrogen atoms on the acetylene monomer with appropriate substituents endows disubstituted acetylenes and the corresponding polymers or poly(disubstituted acetylene)s (PDSAs) with improved stability and processability. [5][6][7][8] Moreover, excellent gas permeability, 9,10 efficient fluorescence emission 11,12 and stimuli-responsive properties [13][14][15][16] have been observed for some well-designed PDSAs. In the progression of PDSAs, the catalysts used for the polymerization of disubstituted acetylenes play a key role.…”

“…In the progression of PDSAs, the catalysts used for the polymerization of disubstituted acetylenes play a key role. At an early stage, a series of early-transition metal compounds such as WCl 6 , MoCl 6 , NbCl 5 and TaCl 5 were employed as the main catalysts for the preparation of PDSAs, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] but these catalyst systems were unworkable in the polymerization of a MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecules Synthesis and Functionalization, disubstituted monomers containing highly polar functional groups such as amine, hydroxyl, aldehyde, and so on. Meanwhile, the polymerization could only proceed in non-polar solvents such as benzene and toluene.…”

Fluorescent chiral nanostructures based on poly(diphenylacetylene)s

“…Recently, a novel family of helical polymers was added to this group denominated poly(diphenylacetylene)s (PDPAs). These polymers are a special class of conjugated polymers that can present several properties including chirality, fluorescence emission, thermal stability or liquid crystallinity [2].…”