Properties and characterization of ([Mengkuang leaf fiber]‐filled ethylene vinyl acetate)/(natural rubber) blend: Effects of blending sequences and mengkuang leaf fiber loading

Abstract

Ethylene vinyl acetate [EVA])/(natural rubber [NR])/ (Mengkuang leaf fiber) (MLF) thermoplastic elastomer composites were prepared by using three different blending sequences in an internal mixer. The blending sequences studied were (i) B1: NR was added followed by MLF into the molten EVA; (ii) B2: MLF was added followed by NR into the molten EVA; (iii) B3: MLF was added followed by EVA into the molten NR. The effect of different blending sequences and fiber loadings from 10 to 40 parts by weight per hundred parts of resin on the torque development, tensile properties, thermal degradation, and morphology of EVA/NR/MLF composites was studied. Of the blending sequences investigated, the B1 system is considered the best method for the preparation of EVA/NR/MLF composites. The B1 system produces composites with lower stabilization torque, higher tensile strength, and better thermal stability compared with other systems. At 40 parts by weight per hundred parts of resin of MLF loading, the tensile strength of the composite prepared by using the B1 system was 15% higher than that of B2 system composites, and 8% higher than that of the B3 system. Scanning electron micrographs of the tensile fracture surfaces indicated this system also had good fiber dispersion in the EVA/NR matrix. An increase in MLF loading resulted in an increase of the values of the stabilization torque and the Young's modulus, but a decrease in values of the tensile strength, the elongation at break, and the thermal stability of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased fiber pullout in the composites as the loading increased.

Fabrication of biodegradable kraft paper from buffing dust and jute fiber: Green solutions for packaging

“…This can be attributed to the increased likelihood of fiber pull-out with higher fiber content. [40][41][42][43][44][45]…”

Microstructure-properties of dynamically vulcanized mengkuang leaf fibre/ethylene vinyl acetate/natural rubber thermoplastic elastomer composites

“…The EVA/NR/ Mengkuang leaf fibre composites were prepared by melt mixing in a Haake Rheomix Polydrive R 600/610 at 120 °C with the rotor speed of 50 rpm over a constant mixing time of 10 min. The blend ratio of NR and EVA was fixed at 50:50 (Ismail et al 2008;Hashim et al 2016). The formulations of the composites are given in Tables 1 and 2.…”

“…Among several existing natural fibres, Mengkuang leaf fibre has been selected as a reinforcement in the matrix. Mengkuang is a member of the Pandanaceous family, growing in mangrove swamps and jungles (Hashim et al 2016). Mengkuang leaf fibre has been introduced into the composites as a filler to enhance their processability and mechanical properties, as well as to reduce material costs (Hashim et al 2016;Abdullah and Aslan 2019).…”

“…Mengkuang is a member of the Pandanaceous family, growing in mangrove swamps and jungles (Hashim et al 2016). Mengkuang leaf fibre has been introduced into the composites as a filler to enhance their processability and mechanical properties, as well as to reduce material costs (Hashim et al 2016;Abdullah and Aslan 2019). Sheltami et al (2012) reported that Mengkuang leaf fibre consists of 37.3% cellulose, 34.4% hemicellulose, 15.7% pentosans, 24.0% lignin, and 2.5% extractives.…”

Performance Evaluation of Composite from Recycled Polypropylene Reinforced with Mengkuang Leaf Fiber

“…Hashim et al [20] used thermoplastic elastomer composite of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (NR)/MLF to study the effect of MLF loading (from 10 wt.% to 40 wt.% with an increment of 10 wt.%) on tensile properties. They concluded that an increase in MFL loading resulted in an increase in Young's modulus but a decrease in tensile strength.…”