Properties and Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Printed Head Models Used in Simulation of Neurosurgical Procedures: A Scoping Review

Maclachlan, Liam; Alexander, Hamish; Forrestal, David P.; Novak, James I.; Redmond, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.079

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Neurosurgery is one of many disciplines increasingly looking to 3D printing to improve training (Maclachlan et al, 2021;Pearce et al, 2022). Also known as brain surgery, neurosurgery is regarded as one of the most difficult and intricate surgical disciplines, demanding significant training and proficiency from the medical practitioner undertaking the procedure (Mezger et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surgeons must commit to consistent practice to refine their skills and acquire a heightened sense of tactile feedback (Alaraj et al, 2013). Because of this complexity, the majority of 3D printing literature has focused on hard tissue replication and procedures like burr hole drilling and craniotomies (Maclachlan et al, 2021), also aligning with the ease of 3D-printed rigid materials over flexible materials. Burr hole drilling involves making a hole in the skull using a specialised burr hole drill with a drilling speed of approximately 75,000 RPM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurosurgery is one of many disciplines increasingly looking to 3D printing to improve training (Maclachlan et al. , 2021; Pearce et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 2013). Because of this complexity, the majority of 3D printing literature has focused on hard tissue replication and procedures like burr hole drilling and craniotomies (Maclachlan et al. , 2021), also aligning with the ease of 3D-printed rigid materials over flexible materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How safe are 3D-printed skull models for neurosurgical simulation? Measurement of airborne particles and VOCs while burr hole drilling

Dissanayaka,

Alexander,

Carluccio

et al. 2024

RPJ

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Purpose Three-dimensional (3D)printed skulls for neurosurgical training are increasingly being used due to the widespread access to 3D printing technology, their low cost and accuracy, as well as limitations and ethical concerns associated with using human cadavers. However, little is known about the risks of airborne particles or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released while drilling into 3D-printed plastic models. The aim of this study is to assess the level of exposure to airborne contaminants while burr hole drilling. Design/methodology/approach 3D-printed skull samples were produced using three different materials (polyethylene terephthalate glycol [PETG], white resin and BoneSTN) across three different 3D print processes (fused filament fabrication, stereolithography [SLA] and material jetting). A neurosurgeon performed extended burr hole drilling for 10 min on each sample. Spot measurements of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were recorded, and air samples were analysed for approximately 90 VOCs. Findings The particulate matter for PETG was found to be below the threshold value for respirable particles. However, the particulate matter for white resin and BoneSTN was found to be above the threshold value at PM10, which could be harmful for long periods of exposure without personal protective equipment (PPE). The VOC measurements for all materials were found to be below safety thresholds, and therefore not harmful. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the safety of 3D-printed materials for burr hole surgical drilling. It recommends PETG as a safe material requiring minimal respiratory control measures, whereas resin-based materials will require safety controls to deal with airborne particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurosurgery is one of many disciplines increasingly looking to 3D printing to improve training (Maclachlan et al. , 2021; Pearce et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How safe are 3D-printed skull models for neurosurgical simulation? Measurement of airborne particles and VOCs while burr hole drilling

Dissanayaka,

Alexander,

Carluccio

et al. 2024

RPJ

Self Cite

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“…Topology optimisation was used to reduce mask material volume while maintaining the mechanical strength required to effectively immobilise a subject, based on pressure sensor data collected with a conventional thermoformed mask. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) print technology was used to manufacture prototypes due to its accessibility and low cost, as well as the increasing availability of FDM within hospitals (Maclachlan et al , 2021). This work advances the field towards smart personalised immobilisation masks containing embedded sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a patient-specific immobilisation facemask for radiation therapy using additive manufacturing, pressure sensors and topology optimisation

Asfia

Novak

Rolfe

et al. 2021

RPJ

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Purpose Radiotherapy relies on the delivery of radiation to cancer cells with millimetre accuracy, and immobilisation of patients is essential to minimise unwanted damage to surrounding healthy cells due to patient movement. Traditional thermoformed face masks can be uncomfortable and stressful for patients and may not be accurately fitted. The purpose of this study was to use 3D scanning and additive manufacturing to digitise this workflow and improve patient comfort and treatment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The head of a volunteer was scanned using an Artec Leo optical scanner (Artec, Luxembourg) and ANSYS (Ansys, Canonsburg, USA) software was used to make two 3D models of the mask: one with a nose bridge and one open as would be used with optical surface guidance. Data based on measurements from ten pressure sensors around the face was used to perform topology optimisation, with the best designs 3D printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and tested on the volunteer with embedded pressure sensors. Findings The two facemasks proved to be significantly different in terms of restricting head movement inside the masks. The optimised mask with a nose bridge effectively restricted head movement in roll and yaw orientations and exhibited minimal deformation as compared to the open mask design and the thermoformed mask. Originality/value The proposed workflow allows customisation of masks for radiotherapy immobilisation using additive manufacturing and topology optimisation based on collected pressure sensor data. In the future, sensors could be embedded in masks to provide real-time feedback to clinicians during treatment.

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Training models and simulators for endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery: a systematic review

Santona,

Madoglio,

Mattavelli

et al. 2023

Neurosurg Rev

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Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery is a novel surgical technique requiring specific training. Different models and simulators have been recently suggested for it, but no systematic review is available. To provide a systematic and critical literature review and up-to-date description of the training models or simulators dedicated to endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. A search was performed on PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published until February 2023; Google was also searched to document commercially available. For each model, the following features were recorded: training performed, tumor/arachnoid reproduction, assessment and validation, and cost. Of the 1199 retrieved articles, 101 were included in the final analysis. The described models can be subdivided into 5 major categories: (1) enhanced cadaveric heads; (2) animal models; (3) training artificial solutions, with increasing complexity (from “box-trainers” to multi-material, ct-based models); (4) training simulators, based on virtual or augmented reality; (5) Pre-operative planning models and simulators. Each available training model has specific advantages and limitations. Costs are high for cadaver-based solutions and vary significantly for the other solutions. Cheaper solutions seem useful only for the first stages of training. Most models do not provide a simulation of the sellar tumor, and a realistic simulation of the suprasellar arachnoid. Most artificial models do not provide a realistic and cost-efficient simulation of the most delicate and relatively common phase of surgery, i.e., tumor removal with arachnoid preservation; current research should optimize this to train future neurosurgical generations efficiently and safely.

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Properties and Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Printed Head Models Used in Simulation of Neurosurgical Procedures: A Scoping Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

How safe are 3D-printed skull models for neurosurgical simulation? Measurement of airborne particles and VOCs while burr hole drilling

How safe are 3D-printed skull models for neurosurgical simulation? Measurement of airborne particles and VOCs while burr hole drilling

Development of a patient-specific immobilisation facemask for radiation therapy using additive manufacturing, pressure sensors and topology optimisation

Training models and simulators for endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery: a systematic review

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