Properties and analytical application of chlorpromazine picrate

Picrate ion determination using a potentiometric sensor immobilized in a graphite matrix

“…A thermostated titration cell was employed. The official spectrophotometric method [4] was carried out by a UV-2100 Shimadzu spectrophotometer. All experiments were performed in a thermostated situation, maintained at 25 ± 1 • C (except for study of temperature effect).…”

“…On the other hand, picric acid can react quantitatively with some drugs such as cinchonine and quinidine to form insoluble precipitates, therefore attention has been paid to its direct determination in the areas of biological chemical analysis and indirect determination of these drugs. The most frequently used methods for the determination of picric acid are liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [3], spectrophotometry [4][5][6][7][8][9], classical chemical methods [10], fluorometry [11][12][13][14], polarography [15], gas chromatography [16], ion-selective electrodes [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and optical sensors [29][30][31]. These methods demand a cumbersome pretreatment of the sample solution, require expensive instrumentation or easily cause interference problems.…”

“…According to the above-mentioned reasons, it requires a fast, simple, low-cost, selective and reliable method that could be used routinely for picric acid determination. Most of the previously reported picrate electrodes are based on basic dyes [25][26][27] or anion-exchangers using quarternary ammonium salts [19][20][21][22][23][24] and suffer from interferences from lipophilic anions, such as ClO 4 − [19,23,24] and aromatic compounds [22,26]. In general, membranes doped with anion-exchangers exhibit selectivity that depends only on the free energy of hydration of the anion species [32], which corresponds to the classical Hofmeister sequence [R − (aromatic anions) > ClO 4…”

A selective PVC membrane for di- or trinitrophenol based on N,N-dibenzyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine

“…The monitoring of nitrophenols is essential for environmental pollution control and industrial applications. Conventional methods for the assay of nitrophenols are discontinuous, usually involving classical chemical methods, 1 UV-visible spectrophotometry 2 or polarogaphy 3 after the analytes have beeen reduced and transformed into azo compounds. Methods based on the use of gas chromatography 4 and HPLC [5][6][7] have been developed for the direct determination of nitrophenols, but questions remain about how to realize online destructive devices.…”

A renewable liquid drop sensor for di- or trinitrophenol based on fluorescence quenching of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride

“…In the past, after being reduced and transformed into azo dyes, the compounds formed were detected by a classical chemical method, 16 UV/visible spectrophotometry or polarography. 17,18 These methods demand a cumbersome pre-treatment of the sample solutions. Methods based on the use of gas chromatography 19 and HPLC [20][21][22] have been developed for the direct determination of nitrophenols.…”