Propene concentration sensing for combustion gases using quantum-cascade laser absorption near 11 μm

Chrystie, Robin S. M.; Nasir, Ehson F.; Farooq, Aamir

doi:10.1007/s00340-015-6139-4

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Challenges of adequately closing the carbon, or atom balance for tests with large molecular weight species can be mitigated by, for example, coupling the sampling and analytical units with heated glass-lined tubing [486]. The use of time-resolved absorption diagnostics tuned to specific species is evolving quickly [487][488][489][490][491], and while currently limited, could add further to the arsenal of diagnostics providing mechanistic information, particularly as longer and shorter wavelength sources become more accessible and reliable. Additionally, approaches which could exploit the isomeric selectivity and radical detection capabilities of synchrotron-based, molecular beam mass spectroscopy techniques, as has been recently implemented with novel shock tube configurations [45], could yield extremely valuable information at LTC conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena

Goldsborough

Hochgreb

Vanhove

et al. 2017

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

196

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Rapid compression machines (RCMs) are widely-used to acquire experimental insights into fuel autoignition and pollutant formation chemistry, especially at conditions relevant to current and future combustion technologies. RCM studies emphasize important experimental regimes, characterized by lowto intermediate-temperatures (600-1200 K) and moderate to high pressures (5-80 bar). At these conditions, which are directly relevant to modern combustion schemes including low temperature combustion (LTC) for internal combustion engines and dry low emissions (DLE) for gas turbine engines, combustion chemistry exhibits complex and experimentally challenging behaviors such as the chemistry attributed to cool flame behavior and the negative temperature coefficient regime. Challenges for studying this regime include that experimental observations can be more sensitive to coupled physicalchemical processes leading to phenomena such as mixed deflagrative/autoignitive combustion. Experimental strategies which leverage the strengths of RCMs have been developed in recent years to make RCMs particularly well suited for elucidating LTC and DLE chemistry, as well as convolved physicalchemical processes. Specifically, this work presents a review of experimental and computational efforts applying RCMs to study autoignition phenomena, and the insights gained through these efforts. A brief history of RCM development is presented towards the steady improvement in design, characterization, instrumentation and data analysis. Novel experimental approaches and measurement techniques, coordinated with computational methods are described which have expanded the utility of RCMs beyond empirical studies of explosion limits to increasingly detailed understanding of autoignition chemistry and the role of physical-chemical interactions. Fundamental insight into the autoignition chemistry of specific fuels is described, demonstrating the extent of knowledge of low-temperature chemistry derived from RCM studies, from simple hydrocarbons to multi-component blends and full-boiling range fuels. Emerging needs and further opportunities are suggested, including investigations of under-explored fuels and the implementation of increasingly higher fidelity diagnostics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena

Goldsborough

Hochgreb

Vanhove

et al. 2017

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

196

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“…An external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) and a photoacoustic (PA) detector were utilized in this work. IR spectroscopy is well known to be capable of providing detailed information on functionality such as the CC moiety, and has been widely used in the petroleum industry for many years. − In addition, several previous reports discussed the use of IR spectroscopy for the determination of olefins and conjugated dienes in petroleum products. ,,− Currently, the majority of IR spectra are acquired using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers, which employ broadband light sources. The power levels of these sources are very low, sometimes limiting the capability of the spectrometers to analyze strongly absorbing samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Olefin Contents in Liquid Hydrocarbons Using a Quantum Cascade Laser and a Photoacoustic Detector

2019

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The determination of olefin contents in liquid hydrocarbons by means of laser-based infrared spectroscopy was demonstrated for the first time in this work. This new technique utilizes a commercial mid-infrared external-cavity quantum cascade laser and a photoacoustic detector to monitor characteristic olefin CC absorption bands in the ∼1640–1680 cm–1 (5.95–6.1 μm) region. It is suitable for measurements of olefin concentrations in a variety of samples, including those derived from partially upgraded bitumen. To confirm this capability, olefin concentrations in the solutions of model compounds, thermally cracked and hydrotreated naphthas, and actual olefin-rich distillate samples were measured. This investigation showed that infrared lasers create a viable alternative to the conventional NMR and chemical methods widely used to determine the olefin contents in hydrocarbon feedstocks and products.

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“…Industrial emissions, waste incineration plants and vehicle exhaust fumes are the major sources of ethylene and propene in the atmosphere. Ethylene and propene can rapidly undergo oxidation reactions producing ground-level ozone [14,15], which has adverse effects on crops and human health [16][17][18][19]. Moreover, the aforementioned target molecules are widely used as feedstock or intermediates in chemical and petroleum industries and thereby a single diagnostic that can measure all four gases in trace amounts will be invaluable in their leak detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Chrystie et al [15] developed a laser-based sensor to non-intrusively measure propene concentrations in a chemical reactor (shock tube). In general, there has been little work on the development of laser-based sensors for the detection of propene, allene or 1-butene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A widely-tunable and sensitive optical sensor for multi-species detection in the mid-IR

Alquaity

Alsaif²,

Farooq

2017

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Pulsed cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique was used to develop a novel widely-tunable laserbased sensor for sensitive measurements of ethylene, propene, 1-butene and allene in the mid-IR. The use of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) enabled the sensor to cover a wide wavelength range from 10 to 11.1 µm (900-1000 cm-1) to detect multiple gases relevant to combustion and environment. The sensor operation was validated in a room-temperature static cell using well-characterized absorption lines of carbon dioxide near 938.69 cm-1 and 974.62 cm-1. Detection limits for ethylene, propene, 1-butene, and allene were measured to be 17, 134, 754 and 378 ppb, respectively, at 296 K and 760 Torr for a single-pass pathlength of 70 cm with averaging time of 4 ms. The excellent sensitivity of the optical sensor enabled it to measure the aforementioned gases at levels smaller than 1% of their recommended exposure limits. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first successful applications of the pulsed CRDS technique to measure trace levels of multiple gases in the 10-11 µm wavelength region.

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Propene concentration sensing for combustion gases using quantum-cascade laser absorption near 11 μm

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena

Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena

Determination of Olefin Contents in Liquid Hydrocarbons Using a Quantum Cascade Laser and a Photoacoustic Detector

A widely-tunable and sensitive optical sensor for multi-species detection in the mid-IR

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