Propagation regimes and populations of internal waves in the Mediterranean Sea basin

Kinematic parameters of internal waves of the second mode in the South China Sea

“…This approach made it possible to construct climatologically valid maps of spatio-temporal variations in various coefficients of Gardner's equation for internal waves of the first mode in different regions of the world ocean. These maps depict the values of phase speed of long waves (also called wave speed because for long waves it is also equal to group speed) and coefficients of various terms (linear, quadratic and cubic terms) in the relevant Gardner equation (Pelinovsky et al, 1995;Talipova and Polukhin, 2001;Polukhin et al, 2003Polukhin et al, , 2004Kurkina et al, 2011Kurkina et al, , 2017. Similar maps have also been calculated for the South China Sea Liao et al, 2014).…”

“…A promising development is the possibility of evaluation of the limiting amplitude of internal solitons that correspond to negative values of the coefficient at the cubic non-linear term (Kurkina et al, 2011(Kurkina et al, , 2017 as well as the amplitude of algebraic solitons that correspond to the positive values of this coefficient.…”

“…With these density profiles, we evaluated the mode function (z) for the second mode as the normalised eigenfunction of the boundary problem (2) similarly to the procedure employed in Kurkina et al (2017). The field of large-scale currents was ignored.…”

Exceedance frequency of appearance of extreme internal waves in the World Ocean

“…Water stratification is varied in night and day during months and the moon tidal wave is varied also. The influence of variation of water stratification on the internal wave dynamics may be illustrated by the seasoning maps of kinematic parameters of internal waves (Kurkina et al, 2001(Kurkina et al, , 2017a. Computing many scenario of the internal wave developing for various hydrological conditions, some statistical estimates can be done.…”

“…In opposite to nonlinear surface waves, which always have narrow and high crests and flat troughs, internal waves on different depths can have either narrow crests and flat troughs or vice-versa depending on the density stratification and 5 modal structure. For more energetic first mode internal waves, the character of the asymmetry of wave profile with respect to the horizontal axis is determined by the coefficient of the quadratic nonlinear term in the Korteweg-de Vries equation, which is strongly variable in the World Ocean (Grimshaw et al, 2007;Kurkina et al, , 2017a. Computations of the skewness and kurtosis as well as distribution function of nonlinear internal waves is an interesting problem which is not studied well up to now.…”